吞拿魚

吞拿魚; 化石時期：伊普雷斯期至今; 56.0–0 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	各種吞拿魚（從最上方開始）：長鰭吞拿魚、北方藍鰭金槍魚、鰹、黃鰭金槍魚、短鮪
科學分類
界：	動物界 Animalia
門：	脊索動物門 Chordata
綱：	輻鰭魚綱 Actinopteri
目：	鯖形目 Scombriformes
科：	鯖科 Scombridae
亞科：	鯖亞科 Scombrinae
族：	鮪族 Thunnini; Starks, 1910
屬
	細鰹屬; Auxis; Euthynnus; Katsuwonus; 金槍魚屬;

吞拿魚（中國大陸作金槍魚，台灣作鮪魚），是一種海水魚類，屬於鯖科下面的金槍魚族（學名：Thunnini）。本族包含5屬15種吞拿魚^[2]，各物種之間大小變化很大，最小的吞拿魚是圓舵鰹，其最大長度為50 cm（1.6呎），重量為1.8公斤（4磅）；最大的吞拿魚則是北方藍鰭金槍魚，其最大長度為4.6米（15呎），重量為684公斤（1,508磅），平均長度為2米（6.6呎），據信其壽命可以長達50歲。

吞拿魚、月魚屬以及鼠鯊目是目前僅存可將體溫維持在比周圍水體溫度高的物種。吞拿魚是一種活躍而敏捷的食肉動物，該物種擁有光滑的流線型身體，也是游動速度最快的遠洋魚類之一；舉例，黃鰭金槍魚的游動速度可達75 km/h（47 mph）^[3]。吞拿魚常在溫暖海域出現，故而成為一種大量商業捕撈的對象，也是釣魚活動當中的一種受歡迎魚類。然而，由於人類的過度捕撈，藍鰭金槍魚等部分吞拿魚物種已深陷滅絕危機^[4]。

詞源

吞拿魚的英語「tuna」衍生自古希臘語θύννος（thýnnos）的中世紀拉丁語格式Thunnus──而該詞又衍生自θύνω（thýnō），「匆忙、飛奔」之意^[5]^[6]。

然而，英文種「tuna」的直接來源為美洲西班牙語，並依序源自西班牙語「atún」、安達盧西亞阿拉伯語（英語：Andalusian Arabic）「at-tūn」（同化於阿拉伯語的التون‎，al-tūn，現代阿拉伯語為التن‎），然後再往前才是自上述提及之希臘語和拉丁文之來源^[7]。

分類

鮪族為單系群演化支，包含5個屬及15個物種：

鯖科
- 鮪族：吞拿魚
  - 細鰹屬：細鰹，英語稱細吞拿魚（slender tuna）
  - 舵鰹屬：扁舵鰹，英語稱扁舵吞拿魚（frigate tuna）
  - 巴鰹屬：巴鰹，英語稱小吞拿魚（little tuna）
  - 鰹屬：正鰹，英語稱（skipjack tuna）
  - 金槍魚屬：長鰭吞拿魚（albacore）、真吞拿魚（true tuna）
    - 金槍魚亞屬（英語：Thunnus (subgenus)）：藍鰭吞拿魚族群
    - 新金槍魚亞屬（英語：Neothunnus (subgenus)）：黃鰭吞拿魚族群

註釋

^ Tribe Thunnini Starks 1910. PBDB. [2019-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-21）.
^ Graham, Jeffrey B.; Dickson, Kathryn A. Tuna Comparative Physiology. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2004, 207 (23): 4015–4024. PMID 15498947. doi:10.1242/jeb.01267.
^ Block, Barbara A.; Booth, David; Carey, Francis G. Direct measurement of swimming speeds and depth of blue marlin (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 1992, 166: 267–284 [19 September 2012]. ISSN 0022-0949. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-09-04）.
^ Collette B and 8 others. Thunnus maccoyii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [9 January 2015]. "This species has been intensively fished since the early 1950s. Its generation length is conservatively estimated to be 12 years. Estimated spawning stock biomass has declined approximately 85% over the past 36 years (1973–2009) and there is no sign that the spawning stock is rebuilding. It is therefore listed as Critically Endangered. Implementation of effective conservation and management measures are urgently needed."
^ θύννος in Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Jones, Sir Henry Stuart, with the assistance of McKenzie, Roderick. Oxford: Clarendon Press. In the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.
^ θύνω in Liddell and Scott.
^ Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. American Heritage Dictionary Entry: tuna. ahdictionary.com. [2019-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-24）.

參考文獻

Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How Overfishing Is Changing the World and What We Eat（英語：The End of the Line (book)）. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7
FAO: Species Catalog Vol. 2 Scombrids of the World. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 2. FIR/S125 Vol. 2.ISBN 92-5-101381-0
FAO: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources: Tuna and tuna-like species – Global, 2005 （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） Rome.
Majkowski, Jacek (1995) "Tuna and tuna-like species" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） In: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, FAO Fisheries technical paper 457, FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-107023-9.
Majkowski J, Arrizabalaga H, Carocci F and Murua H (2011) "Tuna and tuna-like species" （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） In: Review of the state of world marine fishery resources, pages 227–244, FAO Fisheries technical paper 569, FAO, Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-107023-9.
Standard of Identity for Canned Tuna (United States), Code of Federal Regulations: 21 CFR 161.190 – Canned tuna.
Viñas J and Tudela S (2009) "A validated methodology for genetic identification of tuna species (genus Thunnus)" PLoS One, 4(10): e7606.

外部連結

Bluefin Tuna, Chinese Cobra and Others Added to Red List of Threatened Species （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）, Scientific American, November 18, 2014
How Hot Tuna (and Some Sharks) Stay Warm （頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館） National Science Foundation, October 27, 2005
臺灣魚類資料庫（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）
吞拿魚季要不要吃吞拿魚？（頁面存檔備份，存於互聯網檔案館）

[1] Tribe Thunnini Starks 1910. PBDB. [2019-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2019-01-21）.

[Graham2004-2] Graham, Jeffrey B.; Dickson, Kathryn A. Tuna Comparative Physiology. The Journal of Experimental Biology. 2004, 207 (23): 4015–4024. PMID 15498947. doi:10.1242/jeb.01267.

[3] Block, Barbara A.; Booth, David; Carey, Francis G. Direct measurement of swimming speeds and depth of blue marlin (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 1992, 166: 267–284 [19 September 2012]. ISSN 0022-0949. （原始內容存檔 (PDF)於2015-09-04）.

[IUCNmaccoyii-4] Collette B and 8 others. Thunnus maccoyii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011. [9 January 2015]. "This species has been intensively fished since the early 1950s. Its generation length is conservatively estimated to be 12 years. Estimated spawning stock biomass has declined approximately 85% over the past 36 years (1973–2009) and there is no sign that the spawning stock is rebuilding. It is therefore listed as Critically Endangered. Implementation of effective conservation and management measures are urgently needed."

[5] θύννος in Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, revised and augmented throughout by Jones, Sir Henry Stuart, with the assistance of McKenzie, Roderick. Oxford: Clarendon Press. In the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.

[6] θύνω in Liddell and Scott.

[7] Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. American Heritage Dictionary Entry: tuna. ahdictionary.com. [2019-06-16]. （原始內容存檔於2015-05-24）.

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