黄麻
黄麻(拉丁语:Corchorus)是一种长而柔软的、发出光泽的植物纤维,可以织成高强度的粗糙的细丝。它在植物分类上属于椴树亚科的黄麻属。
黄麻属 | |
---|---|
科学分类 | |
界: | 植物界 Plantae |
演化支: | 维管植物 Tracheophyta |
演化支: | 被子植物 Angiosperms |
演化支: | 真双子叶植物 Eudicots |
演化支: | 蔷薇类植物 Rosids |
目: | 锦葵目 Malvales |
科: | 锦葵科 Malvaceae |
亚科: | 扁担杆亚科 Grewioideae |
族: | 垂蕾树族 Sparrmannieae |
属: | 黄麻属 Corchorus L. |
种 | |
圆果黄麻 C. capsularis |
黄麻是最廉价的天然纤维之一,种植量和用途的广泛都仅次于棉花。 它和洋麻、大麻、亚麻、苎麻等同样属于韧皮纤维(从植物内皮或外皮提取的纤维)。纤维的颜色从白色到褐色,长1–4 米。
耕种栽培
适合种植黄麻的气候为在盛行季风季节的季风气候(温暖,潮湿的气候)。适宜的气温为20˚C至40˚C和相对湿度70%-80%。 :黄麻在播种期间需要比其他时期多5-8厘米/周的降雨。
品种
圆果黄麻(White Jute)
圆果黄麻(学名:Corchorus capsularis),在中国称作白黄麻。在几个历史记录中指出,贫穷的印度村民穿用黄麻制成的衣服。用简单的手摇纺织机和手纺车进行织布,将黄麻当成纺棉纱使用。历史上还指出,孟加拉人从更早的时代,就把家庭和其他用途的白黄麻制成的绳索和细绳。
长蒴黄麻(Tossa Jute)
长蒴黄麻(学名:Corchorus olitorius) ,在中国称作红麻,是非洲 - 阿拉伯的品种和锦葵科的成员(跟棉花同一科)。他也是很受欢迎的叶用蔬菜,阿拉伯人称为“molokhiya”([ملوخية]=“国王”的意思),其叶为成分跟秋葵黏滑的成分相似。 犹太人在约伯记提到长果黄麻也是一种称作棣棠花(Jew's mallow)的蔬菜。
长果黄麻纤维比圆果黄麻更柔软、柔滑。也发现很适合在恒河三角洲气候栽种。19世纪时,随著圆果黄麻栽种,长果黄麻也开始在孟加拉栽培。目前,孟加拉地区(巴基斯坦、印度和孟加拉)是长果黄麻的世界最大的生产地区。
用途
黄麻是重要性仅次于棉花的植物纤维;拥有多种用途。首先是用于原棉打包的包装运输袋,其次是制成袋子或粗布,还可以织成窗帘、椅套、地毯、粗麻布和油布的衬背,更可以当作造纸原料。黄麻杆也可当作燃料、活性碳、纤维版等,可以取代伐木工业的部分性质。
特征
- 黄麻纤维可以100%进行生物分解和回收,对环境无害。
- 它是一种拥有黄金和丝绸光泽的天然纤维,因而被称为“金色纤维”。
- 它是最便宜的植物纤维,取自植物的茎的内皮或外皮。
- 它在使用、全球消费量、生产和实用方面的重要性仅次于棉花的植物纤维。
- 它的抗张强度很高,延展性低,防水性能较好。因此,黄麻非常适合于大批量农产品的包装。
注释
参考
- Basu, G., A. K. Sinha, and S. N. Chattopadhyay. "Properties of Jute Based Ternary Blended Bulked Yarns". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 48, no. 9 (Sep. 2005): 350–353. (AN 18605324)
- Chattopadhyay, S. N., N. C. Pan, and A. Day. "A Novel Process of Dyeing of Jute Fabric Using Reactive Dye". Textile Industry of India. Vol. 42, no. 9 (Sep. 2004): 15–22. (AN 17093709)
- Doraiswamy, I., A. Basu, and K. P. Chellamani. "Development of Fine Quality Jute Fibres". Colourage. Nov. 6–8, 1998, 2p. (AN TDH0624047199903296)
- Kozlowski, R., and S. Manys. "Green Fibres". Textile Industry: Winning Strategies for the New Millennium—Papers Presented at the World Conference. Feb. 10–13, 1999: 29 (13p). (AN TDH0646343200106392)
- Madhu, T. "Bio-Composites—An Overview". Textile Magazine. Vol. 43, no. 8 (Jun. 2002): 49 (2 pp). (AN TDH0656367200206816)
- Maulik, S. R. "Chemical Modification of Jute". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 10, no. 7 (Jul. 2001): 99 (8 pp). (AN TDH0648424200108473)
- Moses, J. Jeyakodi, and M. Ramasamy. "Quality Improvement on Jute and Jute Cotton Materials Using Enzyme Treatment and Natural Dyeing". Man-Made Textiles in India. Vol. 47, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 252–255. (AN 14075527)
- Pan, N. C., S. N. Chattopadhyay, and A. Day. "Dyeing of Jute Fabric with Natural Dye Extracted from Marigold Flower". Asian Textile Journal. Vol. 13, no. 7 (Jul. 2004): 80–82. (AN 15081016)
- Pan, N. C., A. Day, and K. K. Mahalanabis. "Properties of Jute". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 110, no. 5 (Feb. 2000): 16. (AN TDH0635236200004885)
- Roy, T. K. G., S. K. Chatterjee, and B. D. Gupta. "Comparative Studies on Bleaching and Dyeing of Jute after Processing with Mineral Oil in Water Emulsion vis-a-vis Self-Emulsifiable Castor Oil". Colourage. Vol. 49, no. 8 (Aug. 2002): 27 (5 pp). (AN TDH0657901200208350)
- Shenai, V. A. "Enzyme Treatment". Indian Textile Journal. Vol. 114, no. 2 (Nov. 2003): 112–113. (AN 13153355)
- Srinivasan, J., A. Venkatachalam, and P. Radhakrishnan. "Small-Scale Jute Spinning: An Analysis". Textile Magazine. Vol. 40, no. 4 (Feb. 1999): 29. (ANTDH0624005199903254)
- Vijayakumar, K. A., and P. R. Raajendraa. "A New Method to Determine the Proportion of Jute in a Jute/Cotton Blend". Asian Textile Journal, Vol. 14, no. 5 (May 2005): 70-72. (AN 18137355)
参考文献
外部链接
- International Jute Study Group (IJSG) Resources about Jute, Kenaf and Roselle Plants.
- Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture, Purdue University(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Some chemistry and medicinal information on Tossa Jute.
- International Jute Study Group (IJSG). A UN collaboration for learning various aspects of Jute and Kenaf. Its headquarter is located in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
- Bangladeshi Ministry of Jute and Textile (Jute Division). The ministry in Bangladesh directly concerned with jute.
- Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI)(页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Institute in Bangladesh dedicated for jute research.
- Institute of Jute Technology, Kolkata, India. An institute for advanced research on jute and allied fibres.
- The Golden Fibre Trade Centre Limited (GFTCL) Commercial site used (with permission) as source and contributor for much of this article.