维基百科

骇客行动主义

骇客行动主义（英语：hacktivism），或译作“骇客激进主义”、“骇客主义”、“激进骇客”，是骇客（英语：hacking）与行动主义（英语：activism）的合成词，指一种网路行动主义；其采取资讯技术、骇客攻击展开公民不服从运动，以期达到推动政治议程或社会变革的目标。 [1] 骇客行动主义，根植于骇客文化和骇客伦理，其目的常为了言论自由、人权或资讯自由。 [2]

骇客行动主义活动涉及许多政治理念和议题。 自由网，是对抗审查的点对点通信平台，是将政治理念和言论自由主张转化为实际代码的典型例子。骇客攻击，作为行动主义手段，诸如匿名者和维基解密之类的激进分子在网络发起，也可以由单一激进分子活动，在不存在领导全体的权威下，为共同目标而相互合作。 [3]

“骇客行动主义”，是歧义术语。这个合成词的诞生，是为了描述电子直接行动，即通过结合程式设计技术和批判性思维来努力实现社会变革。然而，正如骇客，有时也意味着网络犯罪，骇客行动主义，也可能指带恶意的、破坏性的、破坏网路安全的行动主义。[4] 相较于以往的行动主义形式，骇客行动主义取得了前所未有的成功，而吸引了更多参与者，更多工具的投入，取得更大影响力，能够改变选举结果、引发冲突，甚至摧毁企业。[5]

根据美国《2020-2022年反情报战略》，除了国家对手和跨国犯罪组织外，“骇客行动主义者、泄密行动主义者和公开披露组织等受意识形态驱动的实体构成了重大威胁”。 [6] [7]

无政府主义骇客

起源和定义

1995年，Jason Sack首次使用了“骇客行动主义”一词，去评论新媒体艺术家郑淑丽的电影《Fresh Kill》 。 [8][9] 然而，死牛崇拜(cDc) 成员“Omega”多视为首个以现代意义发明该术语的人。1996年，Omega发给组织成员的电子邮件中使用了“骇客行动主义”一词。 [10][11] Omega主张，言论自由乃人的基本权利；为保障言论自由，需保护所有人自由且平等的近用权，而骇客行动主义（英语：hacktivism）便是达成此目标的手段。[12] 由于该术语的歧义性，有些定义涵盖网络恐怖主义行动；其他定义则重申使用骇客技术改变社会。[13] [14]

著名的骇客行动主义团体与激进骇客

维基解密

主条目：维基解密

2006年，媒体和出版商维基解密成立。维基解密是非营利性组织，资金来自捐款[25]和媒体合作。维基解密发表了匿名消息来源提供的机密文件和其他媒体。[26] 维基解密创办人是澳大利亚编辑、出版商和运动家朱利安·阿桑奇。目前，阿桑奇正因与维基解密的合作，而遭要求引渡到美国。[27] 2018年9月起， 克里斯汀‧拉芬森出任主编。[28][29] 从2022年11月开始，维基解密网站上的许多文件无法访问。[30][31][32][33]

 
福克斯面具是匿名者社群常使用的面具。

匿名者

主条目：匿名者_(黑客组织)

2003年，匿名者起源于4chan的贴图区。4chan允许使用者在无政府状态中相互交流[34][35][36]。匿名者通常习惯带上福克斯面具隐藏身份[37][38][39]。在早期，成员们通常会在线上社群约定一些无强制力目标，主要是娱乐方面，或一些恶作剧。然而，2008年，匿名者发起“Project Chanology”行动，抗议、恶作剧和骇客攻击对抗山达基教会，从此声名大噪。自此，匿名者参与更多与国际问题有关的骇客行动。

DkD[||

2003年3月，法国激进骇客DkD[||遭中央打击网络犯罪办公室（OCLCTIC）逮捕。 DkD[|| 破坏超过2千个页面，其中许多是政府和美国军事网站。里尔地区司法警察局的 Eric Voulleminot 称这名骇客为“法国头号激进骇客”。[40]

出于其政治观点，DkD[|| 在地下世界里是位出名的涂鸦者。对于他的逮捕，Ghost Boys 在许多navy.mil网站涂鸦了“释放 DkD[||!!” 口号。 [41][42]

LulzSec

主条目：LulzSec

2011年5月，5名匿名者成员组成骇客团LulzSec，因在成立2个月内发起的“反安全小组行动”（英语：Operation AntiSec）而声名大噪。名称来自“笑”（英语：lulz）与安全（英语：security）的混生语。 [43] 5名成员为"Sabu"、"Kayla"、"T-Flow"、"Topiary"、"AVUnit"与"Pwnsauce"。[44]

参见

参考

注脚

  1. ^ THE “ANONYMOUS” MOVEMENT: HACKTIVISM AS AN EMERGING FORM OF POLITICAL PARTICIPATION (PDF). [2017-07-05]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2017-10-19）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  2. ^ Hackers take down thousands of 'dark web' sites, post private data. NBC News. [2017-02-27]. （原始内容存档于2017-02-27） （英语）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  3. ^ Milone, Mark. Hactivism: Securing the National Infrastructure. The Business Lawyer. 2002, 58 (1): 383–413. JSTOR 40688127. 
  4. ^ Peter Krapp, "Noise Channels: Glitch and Error in Digital Culture", University of Minnesota Press 2011. ISBN 978-0-8166-7625-5. 互联网档案馆的存档，存档日期2013-05-23..
  5. ^ George, Jordana J.; Leidner, Dorothy E. From clicktivism to hacktivism: Understanding digital activism. Information and Organization. 2019-09-01, 29 (3): 100249. ISSN 1471-7727. doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2019.04.001. 
  6. ^ Menn, Joseph. New wave of 'hacktivism' adds twist to cybersecurity woes. Reuters. March 25, 2021. （原始内容存档于Jul 9, 2023）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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  12. ^ The Hacktivismo FAQ v1.0(CDC) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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  19. ^ Dodds, Klaus J. The WikiLeaks Arctic Cables. Polar Record (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 2012, 48 (2): 199–201. Bibcode:2012PoRec..48..199D. S2CID 129682201. doi:10.1017/S003224741100043X. With a keen sense of timing, given the Greenlandic and Danish governments' hosting of the 7th Arctic Council ministerial meeting, seven 'sensitive' US diplomatic cables were leaked by WikiLeaks, an international non-profit organisation that publishes materials from anonymous sources, news leaks, and whistleblowers 
  20. ^ Benkler, Yochai. A Free Irresponsible Press: Wikileaks and the Battle over the Soul of the Networked Fourth Estate. Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review (Cambridge: Harvard Law School). 2011, 46 (2): 311–397 –通过Harvard Library. Wikileaks is a nonprofit that depends on donations from around the world to fund its operation. A second system that came under attack on a model parallel to the attack on technical infrastructure was the payment system... Like the Sunlight Foundation and similar transparency-focused organizations, Wikileaks is a nonprofit focused on bringing to light direct, documentary evidence about government behavior so that many others, professional and otherwise, can analyze the evidence and search for instances that justify public criticism.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  21. ^ Fuchs, Christian. WikiLeaks: Can We Make Power Transparent?. Social Media: A Critical Introduction. London/Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publishing. 2014: 210–233. ISBN 978-1-4462-5730-2. WikiLeaks (www.wikileaks.org) is a non-commercial and non-profit Internet whistleblowing platform that has been online since 2006. Julian Assange founded it. It is funded by online donations.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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  23. ^ Flesher Fominaya, Cristina. Social Movements in a Globalized World Second. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. 2020: 177. ISBN 9781352009347. As a non-profit organization, Wikileaks is funded by crowdfunding donations, which were subsequently blocked by PayPal, Mastercard, a Swiss Bank and Bank of America in protest over their political acitivity, a troubling example of 'the ability of private infrastructure companies to restrict speech without being bound by the contraints of legality, and the possibility that government actors will take advantage of this affordance in an extra-legal public-private partnership for censorship'.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
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  44. ^ Gilbert, David. LulzSec Reunited: Anonymous Hackers Meet for the First Time in Real Life. International Business Times UK. 2014-09-30 [2016-10-21]. （原始内容存档于2016-09-24）.  （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

延伸阅读

外部链接

检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=駭客行動主義&oldid=82531964”