User:Clear Sky C/草稿:渥太华历史（随意修改）

加拿大首都渥太华的历史成型自丽都运河的建设、木工业、成为加拿大首都以及美洲与欧洲的影响和来往等事件。到了1914年，渥太华的人口超过了10万。而现在，它是七国集团成员国加拿大的首都，人口超过了一百万。

“渥太华”一词源自阿尔冈昆语的adawe一词，意为“贸易”，指的是使用河流进行贸易、狩猎、钓鱼、扎营、收割植物、组织仪式以及其他传统用途的当地人。该地区的第一幅地图开始为后来者们给主要河流取名。

几个世纪以来，阿尔冈昆人穿过渥太华河和丽都河的水道时往往会转走陆路。法国探险家Étienne Brûlé被认作是第一个看到绍迪埃瀑布的欧洲人（1610年），他也不得不穿过这里从而抵达内陆。该地区的永久定居点是由腓利门·赖特建立的，他于1800年前后在渥太华河北岸的瀑布附近建立了他的村庄。

The construction of the Rideau Canal, spurred by concerns for defense following the War of 1812 and plans made by Lieutenant Colonel John By and Governor General Dalhousie began shortly after September 26, 1826 when Ottawa's predecessor, Bytown was founded. Lt. Colonel John By was an officer of the Royal Engineers commissioned by the British Government in 1826 to superintend the construction of the Rideau Canal.

The founding was marked by a sod turning, and a letter from Dalhousie which authorized Colonel By to divide up the town into lots. The town developed into a site for the timber, and later sawed lumber trade, causing growth so that in 1854, Bytown was created a city and its present more appropriate name, Ottawa was conferred.

不久后，君主维多利亚将渥太华选为了加拿大的首都; and the parliament buildings on Parliament Hill were soon completed. Also at this time, increased export sales led it to connect by rail to facilitate shipment to markets especially in the United States. 在20世纪初期，木工业随着供给和需求的减少而衰落。

Growth continued in the 20th century, and by the 1960s, the Greber Plan transformed the capital's appearance and removed much of the old industrial infrastructure. By the 1980s, Ottawa had become known as Silicon Valley North after large high tech companies formed, bringing economic prosperity and assisting in causing large increases in population in the last several decades of the century. In 2001, the city amalgamated all areas in the former region, and today plans continue in areas such as growth and transportation.

当地人的发展与欧洲人的探索

萨缪尔·德·尚普兰

大约一万年以前，尚普兰海的海水逐渐撤离了渥太华谷，这里开始变得宜居起来。阿尔冈昆人将渥太华河称作Kichi Sibi or Kichissippi，其意为“Great River”或“Grand River”，两词在汉语中的意思均为“大河”。他们曾在相对较短的时间内沿河组织过一条贸易路线。“渥太华”一词与在此生活的第一个民族——渥太华人有关，他们在这里狩猎、扎营、贸易、旅游，足迹向西分布至遥远的休伦湖和位于该湖的乔治亚湾。

1610年，Étienne Brûlé成为了第一个抵达渥太华河的欧洲人；1613年，萨缪尔·德·尚普兰成为了第二个抵达此地的欧洲人。他们均受到了阿尔冈昆人的指导。书面记录显示，到了1613年，阿尔冈昆人成功控制了渥太华谷和周围地区。

下面的图片取自1632年时塞缪尔·尚普兰所作的新法兰西东部地图。它展示了1616年时他选取的部分渥太华河行进路线，数字用于指示他访问过的重要急流和原住民营地的位置。77和91分别指现在的城市渥太华和丽都河的位置；80代表了卡吕梅岛南部大急流的地理位置；81标出了Allumette Island的地址，当时阿尔冈昆国家的成员便居住在这里；82所在的位置与现代的Fort-Coulonge和一个尚普兰探险时存在的阿尔冈昆定居地基本相同。

塞缪尔·尚普兰的地图

尚普兰记载下了位于后来的早期城镇东部的丽都瀑布（后来划独木舟的人们定下此名）和西部的绍迪埃瀑布（尚普兰定下此名），后来它们都被用到了木工业的发展上。不同于加蒂诺的部分地区和它们的上游，没有证据表明在此后的两个世纪中，现在的城市渥太华所处的地理位置是人类定居地，不过渥太华河以及丽都河在当时都是旅游景点。无论是那个时候还是现在，人们都不可以在Chaudière走水路，所以他们通过陆路会从渥太华河河口抵达内陆。许多传教士、法国皮货商和运货船夫会如果渥太华，例如耶稣会烈士让·德·布雷伯夫（1634年）、梅达尔·德瑟·格罗塞尔利耶尔斯（1654年）、皮埃尔-思捷·雷迪森、17世纪的探险家La Vérendrye以及抵达时间较晚的亚历山大·麦肯齐、约瑟夫·弗罗比舍和西蒙·麦克塔维什。尼古拉斯·加蒂诺还在附近的加蒂诺河开展过贸易活动。

在那个时候，安大略省所处的位置并非只有阿尔冈昆人一个民族。17世纪时，阿尔冈昆人和休伦人与易洛魁聯盟之间爆发了一场激烈的战争。尚普兰曾经抵达过尼皮辛湖和乔治亚湾，此他又抵达了錫姆科湖附近的休倫县县中心，他在途中曾帮助休伦人对抗易洛魁联盟。结果，易洛魁联盟成为了法国的敌人并介入了多个冲突，其中以法国和易洛魁战争（海狸战争）比较著名。直到和平协定《蒙特利尔的伟大和平》于1701年签署后，这种情况才得以结束。

Historical context prior to settlement

参见：亞伯拉罕平原戰役

七年战争的参战国，蓝代表英国方，绿代表法国方

《1763年巴黎条约》的签订结束了英国和法国在北美展开的七年战争。法国先后失去了亚伯拉罕平原的魁北克市和蒙特利尔后，几乎将其在北美的所有殖民地都割让给了英国。受其影响，许多来自英国、使用英语的移民来到了蒙特利尔的西部。美国独立运动的《独立宣言》于 1776年发布后，安大略东部的人口也有所增加。许多联合帝国忠臣在英国的协助下搬到了加拿大，英国给予了他们81公顷（200英亩）的土地和其他物资来开始新的生活。

上加拿大和下加拿大的地理位置
下图并未弄反

上加拿大

下加拿大

1791年12月26日，1791年宪法法案通过，它将加拿大分成了上加拿大和下加拿大，这种情况直到1841年2月10日才得以结束。By this time two culturally distinct regions were forming; Loyalist Protestant American settlers and British immigrants in Upper Canada and a French-speaking Catholic population of Lower Canada. This essentially meant that the creation of the two solitudes led to the bisecting of the Algonquin Nation. Upper Canada had its own legislature and was administered by a lieutenant-governor (starting with John Graves Simcoe). Its capital was settled by 1796 in York, in present-day Toronto, a choice which was influenced by the threat of attack by the Americans, which also was a factor initiating the construction of the Rideau Canal. By the time settlement started near Ottawa, there were two principal local areas, Nepean Township west of the Rideau River and Gloucester Township to the east. Though not yet named, they were formed in 1793.

Although the War of 1812 gave Upper Canada some confidence in its ability to defend itself against American intrusion, the threat remained. This led directly to the creation of the military settlements such as Perth, Ontario and the settling of some military regiment families (such as the 100th Regiment of Foot (Prince Regent's County of Dublin Regiment) at Richmond, Ontario). By the time of Bytown's founding, Kingston, Ontario, located on the eastern shores of Lake Ontario south-west of Ottawa, had become a naval base of 2849 inhabitants, York's population was 1677, Perth, 1500, and Brockville, another Eastern Ontario town had a population which was nearing 1000. In Lower Canada, Montreal and Quebec City were far larger, each having 22,000 inhabitants.

Settlement

早期移民

参见：渥太华河木材贸易

Entrance of the Rideau Canal in 1839 where it meets the Ottawa River. In 1826, eight locks were constructed by the Royal Engineers with labour provided by the new Irish and French settlers. The building in the foreground is today called the Bytown Museum. On the right is Parliament Hill at the time named "Barrack Hill".

渥太华附近的第一个主要定居点是由来自美国马萨诸塞州沃本的新英格兰人腓利门·赖特、5个家族和25名劳工于1800年3月7日建立的。They started an agricultural community called Wright's Town（今魁北克省加蒂諾）on the north bank of the Ottawa River at the Chaudière Falls. Food crops were not sufficient to sustain the community and Wright began harvesting trees as a cash crop when he determined that he could transport timber by river from the Ottawa Valley to the Montreal and Quebec City markets, and onward to Europe. His first raft of squared timber and sawed lumber arrived in Quebec City in 1806. It was from this location that much of the future settlement on the south shore was facilitated. By this time, land on the Ottawa side of the river had already been surveyed and land grants were being issued.

1818年， a settlement was formed at Richmond Landing, in present-day LeBreton Flats, while Richmond Road, Ottawa's first thoroughfare was being built. Families of the English soldiers who came to create the settlement of Richmond stayed for months at this location which had had a store since 1809 erected by Jehiel Collins, who is credited as the first settler of what would become Bytown. In the intervening years, the area would see such settlers as Braddish Billings, Abraham Dow, Ira Honeywell, John LeBreton. and original owner of much of Ottawa's early lands, Nicholas Sparks. Another major landholder was Lieutenant-Colonel John By, who oversaw the construction of the Rideau Canal.

Bytown的发展和丽都运河

更多信息：Bytown和丽都运河

Bytown1842年时的规划图 1. Parliament Hill then called Barracks Hill 2. Wellington Street 3. Victoria St.(now Lyon) 4. Kent St. 6. Sparks Street. Rideau Canal is on the top right. Wellington St. was incomplete, and a path formed a bulge instead leading to Sappers Bridge over the canal.

The first European survey of the Rideau Route, part of an indigenous canoe route that connected the Ottawa River to the St. Lawrence River at Gananoque, was conducted by Lt. Gershom French in 1783. On October 2, 1783, his survey party camped on the shores of the Rideau River at the head of the portage from the Ottawa River that led around Rideau Falls. He described the area as "the soil everywhere good and deep, timbered with Maple, Elm and Butternut". The War of 1812 made evident the need for a safe military supply route from Montreal to Kingston so the Rideau Route was surveyed for the purposes of a canal, in 1816 by Royal Engineer Joshua Jebb and in 1823-24 by civil surveyor Samuel Clowes. In 1826, Lieutenant-Colonel John By was appointed to oversee its construction and he hired contractors that included Philemon Wright, who supplied much of the stone, mortar and labour, Thomas McKay, a mason, and staff such as John MacTaggart and Thomas Burrowes, surveyor, (Burrowes' created many paintings of early Bytown.) The Governor General George Ramsay, the Earl of Dalhousie took a great interest in the construction of the canal, as well as in establishing a settlement in the area. On September 26, 1826, Colonel By and Dalhousie had agreed that the canal's entrance was to be at Entrance Bay (its current location), and along with a letter authorizing Colonel By to divide the town into lots, marked the origins of what was to become the town of Bytown.

Dalhousie's letter stated in part: "I take this opportunity of meeting you here to place in your hands a Sketch Plan of several Lots of Lands, which I thought advantageous to purchase for the use of Government, when this Canal was spoken of, as likely to be carried into effect, this not only contains the site for the Head Locks, but they offer a valuable locality for a considerable Village or Town, for the lodging of Artificers and other necessary Essentials, in so great a Work. I would propose that these be correctly surveyed, laid out in lots of 2 or so Acres, to be granted according to the means of settlers and to pay a Government rent of 2/6 per acre annually."

By set up his base of operations in Wright's Town, and began construction of the Union Bridge as a link to the new town. The Royal Sappers and Miners were employed in 1827 for the canal's construction, which began at three separate places, one of them being the site of the locks in Ottawa. The workers were eventually moved into three barracks on today's Parliament Hill, which was then known as Barracks Hill. In 1827, Sappers Bridge connecting the Upper Town (west of the canal) and Lower Town (east of the canal) was built over the Rideau Canal.

The Victoria Brewery was established in 1829, by John Rochester, senior, and James Rochester, in the brewing of ale and porter. By 1866, it was conducted on Richmond Road, by John Rochester, junior. The Chaudiere Brewery, which was established in 1858, was carried on by Parris & Smith by 1865. By 1866, Mr. Sterling operated a brewery at the foot of Rideau Locks while Dr. Doyle operated a brewery on Sussex Street.

A steady stream of Irish immigration to Eastern Ontario (already well underway) in the next few decades, along with French Canadians who crossed over from Quebec, provided the bulk of workers involved in the Rideau Canal project and the timber trade. The canal was dubbed the Rideau Canal when it was finally completed in 1832. Colonel By laid out the town, most of his original street plans remain today.

View of Parliament Hill and Chaudière Falls, Ottawa, ca. 1859. The hill is the second high landmass jutting into the Ottawa River on the right. It still contains barracks here, its last year with them, for construction of the Parliament Builds is about to begin. The Union Bridge is in the foreground, but its main span has been replaced, after many years of ferry service only, with a steel suspension bridge.

To manufacture carriages and waggons, Peter Dufour established a carriage works in 1832; The Royal Carriage Factory was established in 1840, by George Humphries; and Wm. Stockdale & Brother's, on Rideau street, was established in 1854. Perkins' Foundry, on Sparks street, was established in 1840, by Lyman Perkins to manufacture steam engines, boilers and mill machinery; The City Foundry was established in 1848, by T. M. Blasdell to manufacture Mill machinery and agricultural implements. James McCullough, established a tannery in 1860 to turn out leather.

Former Bytown mayor and cabinet minister, Richard William Scott recalled that in early 1850,

Neither Wellington, nor the streets south of it, between Elgin and Bank, had been laid out. Sussex was the business thoroughfare, and lots on it and the western ends of Rideau, George, and parallel streets, as far north as St. Patrick Street, commanded the best values. Wellington west of Bank, to Bay Street, was fairly well built up. The Le Breton Flats, extending north-westerly from Pooley's Bridge (in the vicinity of the Water Works building) contained a number of scattered houses.

The Timber trade spurred the growth of Bytown, and it saw an influx of immigrants, and later entrepreneurs hoping to profit from the squared timber that would be floated down the Ottawa River to Quebec. Bytown had seen some trouble in the early days, first with the Shiners' War in 1835 to 1845, and the Stony Monday Riot in 1849.

City of Ottawa

The St Lawrence and Ottawa Railway and Bytown and Prescott Railway linked the town to the outside world in 1854, after a lot of expense and later huge losses by the city. Bytown, now no longer a town, was renamed and the City of Ottawa was incorporated seven days later on January 1, 1855. Though the suggestion to give the city an aboriginal name had been published as early as 1844, Mayor Turgeon and Municipal Council proposed the name Ottawa to mark the 200th anniversary of the Ottawa people employing the river once again to come to Montreal for trade reasons. The river had been unused for about 5 years for fear of attack but a 1654 truce with the Iroquois allowed its reuse. While the event itself was not highly significant, it gave the name a historical context.

Old Ottawa Post Office. Sappers Bridge (left), Dufferin Bridge(right) over the Rideau Canal, 1890s. Today the War Memorial stands where the post office stood, with a new post office (now also old) on Sparks Street. The two bridges were replaced by the Plaza Bridge (Ottawa), and filled in. The centre block of the parliament buildings was replaced after a 1916 fire.

1841年，Upper Canada ceased to exist as present day southern Quebec joined present day southern Ontario in the Province of Canada. The capital of Upper Canada had alternated between several cities for a while, and in 1857, Queen Victoria was asked to choose a more permanent location. Among the influences of her decision were defense concerns, as well as a location that would be somewhat centralized, and she chose Ottawa (see: History of Parliament Hill).

The "Ottawa Citizen" was originally established in 1844 as the "By town Packet"

The sawed lumber industry supplanted the squared timber trade around the time Ottawa was incorporated when an influx of mostly American lumber barons decided that more money could be made if the timber was actually sawed. Mills began to be constructed; some of Canada's largest sawmills were located near the Chaudière Falls. Notable lumber barons in this area were Henry Franklin Bronson and John Rudolphus Booth. The lumber industry contributed to Ottawa's growth, and evidence of it is practically nonexistent today. The major portion of this industry lasted until shortly after the turn of the century, the decline being caused by decreased markets for lumber due to the switch to steel, Britain no longer subsidizing the market, and reduced supplies of uncut timber. During a time of stagnation in manufacturing and a decrease in the city's industrialization, the city would see new government departments being formed and large increases in public service employment following 1900.

Between 1860 and 1876, construction of the parliament buildings took place on Parliament Hill. In 1867, the Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper Canada ceased to exist and were replaced with the provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Upon formation they united with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in Canadian Confederation. Legislation enacted in 1870 as "An Act respecting certain Works on the Ottawa River" remains in effect to this day and mandates that the River and "all canals or other cuttings for facilitating such navigation, and all dams, slides, piers, booms, embankments and other works of what kind or nature soever in the channel or waters of the said River" fall under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Parliament at Ottawa, which now delegates this responsibility to the Minister of Public Works and Government Services.

The Ottawa Academy and Young Ladies' Seminary was established on Sparks Street in 1861.

Messrs. Nordhemier & Co. established an agency in 1866 for all kinds of music and musical instruments, under the management of J. L. Orille & Son. Magdalen Asylum, run by the Sisters of the Good Shepherd was established as a religious and charitable society in 1866 on Ottawa street between Gloucester and Chapel.

On April 7, 1868, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, a Father of Confederation and Member of Parliament, was assassinated outside Mrs. Trotter's boarding house on Sparks Street between Metcalfe and O'Connor. Yesterday's Restaurant currently stands at the location. On February 11, 1869, Patrick J. Whelan was publicly hanged at the Gaol on Nicholas Street. It was the last public hanging in Canada.

Expansion into a major Canadian city

Ottawa Electric Railway streetcar on Rideau Street (looking east, ca.1898)

A vast public transportation network was started when Thomas Ahearn founded the Ottawa Electric Railway Company in 1893, replacing a horsecar system which began in 1870. This private enterprise eventually provided heated streetcar service covering areas such as Brittania, Westboro, The Glebe, Rockcliffe Park and Old Ottawa South.

Ottawa became part the transcontinental rail network on June 28, 1886, when Pacific Express connected it to Hull, Quebec (now Gatineau) and then onto Lachute, Quebec via the Prince of Wales Bridge. For years, Ottawa was crisscrossed by the railways of several companies which had stations such as the Bytown and Prescott Railway in New Edinburgh, Broad Street in Lebreton Flats, and two others. A downtown central station was first created in 1895 through John Rudolphus Booth's Canada Atlantic Railway. The site was later used for Union Station, which opened in June 1912 to little fanfare, since Grand Trunk Railway general manager Charles Hays perished in the Titanic disaster two months previously. Though removed in 1966, the tracks had led along the east side of the canal towards downtown to Union Station, then alongside Chateau Laurier running to the Alexandra (Interprovincial) Bridge.

Map of the City of Ottawa Insurance Plan, 1888–1901 with business names and locations indicated

The Hull-Ottawa fire of 1900 destroyed two thirds of Hull, including 40 per cent of its residential buildings and most of its largest employers along the waterfront. The fire also spread across the Ottawa River and destroyed about one fifth of Ottawa from the Lebreton Flats south to Booth Street and down to Dow's Lake.

The Centre Block of the Parliament buildings were destroyed by fire on February 3, 1916. The House of Commons and Senate were temporarily relocated to the recently constructed Victoria Memorial Museum, now the Canadian Museum of Nature. A new Centre Block was completed in 1922, the centrepiece of which is a dominant Gothic revival-styled structure known as the Peace Tower located on Wellington Street.

Confederation Square was created in the late 1930s, and Canada's National War Memorial was erected. It used lands that once contained the prestigious Russell House hotel, the Russell Theatre, and old City Hall, all which succumbed to fire, and the old post office and Knox Presbyterian Church were demolished. A new Central Post Office was erected facing the memorial.

Ottawa's industrial appearance was vastly changed due to the 1940s Greber Plan. Later powers were given by an act of Parliament to the newly formed National Capital Commission (NCC) to attain ownership of lands, and effect vast changes. Some of the results of these were the National Capital Greenbelt, expropriation of areas in downtown, the removal of large industrial areas, the removal of downtown railway tracks, the relocation of the train station out of downtown, and the creation and maintenance of areas that would provide the nation's capital with a more attractive appearance.

Highway 417 looking east, overlooking the half completed Carling Avenue interchange in 1961

Collaboration between the city and NCC's predecessor, the Federal District Commission also led to major water and sewer projects, the construction of the Queensway which had been the old GTR/CNR right of way, several bridges, expansion of Carling Avenue, and the offer of F.D.C. land at Green Island (near Rideau Falls) to create city hall, opened in 1958. Until then, the city had been without a permanent building for around 17 years. It was in use until 2000, when Ottawa City Hall occupied the former headquarters of the municipality.

In the 1960s and 1970s, a building boom vastly changed Ottawa's skyline. Ottawa became one of Canada's largest high tech cities and was nicknamed Silicon Valley North. By the 1980s, Bell Northern Research (later Nortel) employed thousands, and large federally assisted research facilities such as the National Research Council contributed to an eventual technology boom. The early adopters led to offshoot companies such as Newbridge Networks, Mitel and Corel. Other large companies specializing in computer software and electronics infrastructures formed about this time, but by 2001, huge losses started being incurred. The industry continues today, but has been changed quite a bit.

Ottawa's city limits had been increasing over the years, but it acquired the most territory on January 1, 2001, when it amalgamated all the municipalities of the Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton into one single city. Regional Chair Bob Chiarelli was elected as the new city's first mayor in the 2000 municipal election, defeating Gloucester mayor Claudette Cain. The city now not only includes former cities of Vanier, Nepean, Kanata and suburbs Orleans, Ontario and others, but now has many farms within its city limits.

渥太華輕鐵的延齡草線

The city's growth led to strains on the public transit system and to bridges. On October 15, 2001, a light rail transit (LRT) was introduced, the O-Train, which connected downtown Ottawa to the southern suburbs via Carleton University. Much political debate about the expansion of light rail dominated civic politics throughout the next decade. The vote to extend the O-Train Trillium Line, and to replace it with an electric tram system was a major issue in the 2006 municipal elections where Chiarelli was defeated to businessman Larry O'Brien. The new council changed their minds on light rail expansion, sparking much legal controversy. Plans were later created to establish a series of light rail stations from the east side of the city into downtown, and for using a tunnel in the downtown core. Truck traffic problems created much debate about a future east end bridge ("interprovincial crossing") linking Ottawa to Gatineau and an ongoing study was started in 2006.

In 2001, the city banned smoking in public bars and restaurants. After much debate, Ottawa City Council voted against a motion to ban the cosmetic use of pesticides in 2005. Mayor Larry O'Brien experienced ongoing legal troubles during his tenure and was defeated in the 2010 municipal elections by former mayor Jim Watson.

In 2002, Ottawa was granted its second Canadian Football League (CFL) franchise, the Ottawa Renegades. The team would fold after just four seasons. In 2007, part of the south side stands at Frank Clair Stadium was demolished, sparking ideas about the site's future. In 2010, city council voted to renovate the stadium and to redevelop all of Lansdowne Park. The city was also awarded a CFL franchise that began play in 2014 called the Ottawa Redblacks. In 2014, the city was awarded a Can-AM Baseball franchise and the Ottawa Champions (www.OttawaChampions.com) began play on May 22, 2015 at the Ottawa Stadium (now named the Raymond Chabot Grant Thorton or RCGT Park)

大事记

17世纪

• 1610年 - Étienne Brûlé成为了第一个发现绍迪埃瀑布的欧洲人。
• 1613年6月4日 - Samuel de Champlain passes the site of the future Ottawa on June 4.
• 1613年至1663年 - A 1613 royal charter from the King of France evolved to give successive groups monopolies to invest in the vast territory of New France, control the fur trade and manage colonization. Eventually, unable to cope with numerous difficulties including territorial battles with the British and First Nations, the charter was surrendered in 1663.
• 1650年 - Nicholas Gatineau, a clerk in the Company of One Hundred Associates, an organization of fur traders, gives his family name to the river flowing into the Ottawa River, two miles (3 km) from the present-day Hull sector of Gatineau.

哈德遜灣公司的蒙特利尔大樓

• 1670年 - The Hudson's Bay Company is formed by British royal charter and given trading monopoly over the watershed of all rivers and streams flowing into Hudson Bay年 - Rupert's Land.

18世纪

• 1759年 - During the Seven Years' War, 英国人击败了亚伯拉罕平原的法国人并夺取了魁北克市。
• 1763年 - The Treaty of Paris is signed by Great Britain, France and Spain to mark the end of the Seven Years' War. It gives Britain control of all French territories in North America except the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon near Newfoundland.
• 1776年 - The American Revolution leads to the 1776 Declaration of Independence by thirteen colonies of British North America and the beginning of the United Empire Loyalists migration to Canada.
• 1783年 - Britain and the United States sign the Treaty of Paris of 1783. By this agreement, Britain recognizes the independence of the thirteen colonies that rebelled in 1776.
• 1791年 - The Constitutional Act of 1791, passed by the British Parliament, establishes the individually administered regions of Upper Canada and Lower Canada.
• 1792年 - Township B, later becoming Gloucester Township, was established.
• 1792年 - Township D, later becoming Nepean Township, was established.
• 1800年 - Philemon Wright establishes a farming community on the north bank of the Ottawa River at the Chaudière Falls arriving from Woburn Massachusetts on March 7 with his own and five other families and twenty-five labourers. The community is known as Wright's Town and later becomes the City of Hull and subsequently the City of Gatineau.

19世纪

• 1805年 - The Napoleonic Wars make the Ottawa Valley an attractive source of timber for the Royal Navy.
• 1806年 - Philemon Wright, his 18-year-old son, Tiberius, and a party of men set out on June 11 to guide his first timber raft, named "Colombo", down the Ottawa River to the port of Quebec City. The voyage takes two months and marks the beginning of the boom in the timber, lumber and pulp and paper industries in the Ottawa Valley.
• 1809年 - Jehiel Collins and his family become the first settlers in the region later known as Bytown.
• 1810年 - Braddish Billings establishes a homestead and becomes the first settler in Gloucester Township, Ontario.
• 1811年 - Ira Honeywell is the first settler in Nepean Township.
• 1812年 - War of 1812.
• 1816年 - The Duke of Wellington pointed out the necessity of making an interior water communication with Lake Ontario, so that supplies and boats might be thrown into the upper part of the country, in case of need.
• 1819年 - Royal Staff Corps constructed the Grenville Canal.
• 1819年 - Isaac Firth opens the area’s first tavern at Richmond Landing, near the present-day LeBreton Flats.
• 1821年 - Nicholas Sparks, one of Philemon Wright farmhands, purchases 200英畝（0.81平方公里） of land on the south shore of the Ottawa River for 95 pounds. Today the original Sparks property, which includes the site of the parliament buildings and the downtown business district, is assessed at over one hundred million dollars.
• 1821年 - Philemon Wright Jr, Philemon Wright's eldest son, dies in a stagecoach accident. In 1826, Philemon Jr's widow, Sarah (Sally) Olmstead-Wright, will marry Nicholas Sparks, who will in turn adopt her children. In 1833, Sarah's daughter Erexina will become the wife of Andrew Leamy.
• 1823年 - Three exploring parties were organized to explore the country from Lake Ontario to the Ottawa. One starting at Belleville came out at Pembroke, another frum Kingston, arrived at this point, and a third party came out at Hawkesbury. The Duke of Wellington, gave his advice, and the line of the Rideau Canal was selected.
• 1823年 - Sir George Ramsay, the Earl of Dalhousie and Governor-in-Chief of British North America purchases an extensive tract of land fronting the Ottawa River in preparation for the construction of the Rideau Canal.
• 1826年 - On September 26, Lieutenant Colonel By and the Earl of Dalhousie choose the location for the entrance to the Rideau Canal and consequently found a community where the City of Ottawa exists today. He negotiated reasonable terms with Mr. N. Sparks, who owned the land.
• 1826年 - The town was laid out. From these points the town extended itself by contiguity: Wellington street, west of Bank street, from its being on the line from Hull; Sparks and Rideau streets, on each side of Sappers' bridge, from their proximity to the Locks, where work was going on, and the middle of Sussex and York streets, from the nearness of the wharf and market. Daly street and neighbourhood were thrown into the market, and Sandy Hill took a start.
• 1826年 - the steamer began to call at the wharf near Stirling's Brewery.
• 1827年 - ByWard Market built.
• 1827年 - Colonel By constructed the weir causeway, a truss bridge to connect Hull to Bytown.
• 1827年 - Sir John Franklin, the famed Arctic explorer, lays the first stone of the Rideau Canal locks on August 16.
• 1827年 - The name Bytown is first used to identify the community growing up around the Rideau Canal construction.
• 1827年 - Bytown's first school, the English Mercantile and Mathematical Academy is established on Rideau Street.
• 1829年 - The first timber slide on the Ottawa River is constructed. *1831-34年 - Maplelawn constructed.
• 1829年 - John Rochester, sen., and James Rochester established the Victoria Brewery
• 1832年 - The construction of the Rideau Canal is complete and the population of Bytown reaches 1,000.
• 1832年 - On June 20, the first Board of Health in Bytown is formed to combat an epidemic of Asiatic cholera. A temporary hospital is built where the Royal Canadian Mint now stands on Sussex Drive. The location is selected to facilitate the care of boat passengers from Montreal as they disembark at what came to be known as Cholera Wharf.
• 1832年 - Peter Dufour established a carriage & wagon works
• 1830s年 - Shiners' War: Labour unrest erupts within the lumber industry as some Irish immigrants unemployed upon completion of the Rideau Canal in 1832, a group known as Shiners, compete with the more experienced French Canadian timbermen for jobs
• 1836年 - Bytown's first newspaper the Bytown Independent and Farmer's Advocate are published by James Johnston (Upper Canada politician).
• 1838年 - Rideau Hall built.
• 1839年 - An Assessment Roll sets the population of Bytown at 2,073.
• 1841年 - The first election in Bytown for a seat in the Legislative Assembly of United Canada is held March 8.
• 1843年 - William Harris founds the Packet, a weekly newspaper. In 1851, the Packet becomes the Ottawa Citizen.
• 1843年 - The Arch Riot takes place on Sunday August 20. Animosity between the Orangemen and Papists of Bytown erupts in fighting and stone throwing.
• 1843年 - Lisgar Collegiate Institute founded.
• 1845年 - The Ottawa Hospital established.
• 1845年 - On May 8, Élisabeth Bruyère and the Sisters of Charity establish a single ward hospital on Saint Patrick Street. The name General Hospital is taken from the description contained in its charter.
• 1845年 - Élisabeth Bruyère established Ottawa Convent on Sussex at Nunnery Streets
• 1847年 - John Scott, a lawyer, became the first mayor of Bytown.
• 1847年 - The Health Department was established in a basic form
• 1848年 - The College of Ottawa was founded
• 1848年 - The City Foundry was established by T.M. Blasdell on Wellington Street
• 1848年 - French Canadian Institute, a literary & scientific society, was organized
• 1849年 - The Stony Monday Riot takes place on September 17.
• 1849年 - First City Hall (Ottawa) built.
• 1850年 - After some controversy, the village of Bytown is incorporated as a town.
• 1850年 - On March 11, the first town council meeting is held.
• 1851年 - the Ottawa and Prescott Railway was opened.
• 1852年 - The area of centertown lying between Bank and Elgin streets was built upon
• 1853, the Government sold the water-power of the Chaudiere Falls, causing the settlement of LeBreton flats
• 1853年 - Andrew Leamy builds his steam powered sawmill on the south bank of the lake that today, still bears his name: Leamy Lake
• 1853年 - Bytown boasts of having 60 stores, 3 banks, 3 insurance offices, 3 newspapers, 1 telegraph office and 7 schools.
• 1853年 - J. B. Turgeon became the first French-Canadian mayor of Bytown.
• 1853年 - Mechanics' Institute and Athenreum, a literary institute, was organized
• 1854年 - Bytown is linked by rail with the larger centers of Montreal and Toronto.
• 1854年 - Stockdale & Brother's, established a Carriage & Wagon factory on Rideau Street
• 1855年 - On January 1, Bytown is formally incorporated as a city. In gaining city status, Bytown adopts the name of Ottawa.
• 1857年 - Queen Victoria approves choice of Ottawa as the capital of the Province of Canada.
• 1857年 - Construction of buildings begins to prepare for arrival of government, with influx of workers.
• 1858年 - The Chaudiere Brewery was established
• 1858年 - The County of Russell agricultural society was organized
• 1860年 - Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII) arrived in Ottawa as part of his wider royal tour of the province, and laid the cornerstone of the growing Centre Block, with a luncheon on the grounds for the workers and their families.
• 1860年 - James McCullough established a tannery in 1860
• 1861年 - The Ottawa Academy and Young Ladies' Seminary was established on Sparks Street.
• 1862年 - Nicholas Street Gaol built, Horsey, architect
• 1862年 - The Royal Horticultural Society is established
• 1863年 - The first professional police force is established.
• 1863年 - The Ottawa Literary Association was organized
• 1848年 - The City Foundry relocated to the Chaudiere Falls
• 1865年 - University of Ottawa founded.
• 1865年 - St. Joseph’s Orphanage established
• 1865年 - General Hospital was erected by the Sisters of Charity, with accommodation for about 120 patients.
• 1865年 - Society of Saint Vincent de Paul established to support the Roman Catholic population
• 1866年 - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa established.
• 1866-68年 - 24 Sussex Drive, the future official residence of the Prime Minister of Canada, is built by lumberman and Member of Parliament, Joseph Merrill Currier, as a wedding gift for his wife to be.
• 1867年 - The British North America Act is ratified. Ottawa, with a population of 18,000, becomes the permanent capital of the Dominion of Canada.
• 1867年 - The Ottawa Rowing Club is established with Sir John A. MacDonald (President); His Worship the Mayor Robert Lyon (Vice-President) along with other notable gentlemen.
• 1867年 - The Young Men’s Christian Association was incorporated
• 1868年 - On April 7, Thomas D'Arcy McGee is assassinated. Patrick J. Whelan is found guilty on circumstantial evidence and is hanged at the Nicholas Street Jail on February 11, 1869.
• 1870年 - A vast fire burns its way from Arnprior to Ottawa. The city is saved from destruction only when a water barrier is created by cutting through a dam at Dows Lake.
• 1871年 - The seven lumber mills of Ottawa employ nearly 1,300 men and the value of lumber produced annually reaches $1.5 million. By this year, Ottawa's yearly output of lumber is unsurpassed in all Ontario.
• 1871年 - Stadacona Hall built.
• 1871年 - St. Charles’ Home for the Aged established
• 1872年 - Ottawa Trades Council founded.
• 1874年 - Major's Hill Park designated first city park.
• 1874年 - Until this year a number of private companies were responsible for providing firefighting services with the City council providing a premium of 20 shillings to the first company to hose a fire. This arrangement led to arguments and fistfights between companies, often to the detriment of the poor householder as his home burnt to the ground. On December 20, 1874, Ottawa establishes a professional fire brigade.
• 1874年 - Ottawa Normal School built.
• 1876年 - Construction of first underground pipes and sewers. Ottawa households have running water.
• 1877年 - Victoria Tower Bell installed in Victoria Tower (Canada).
• 1877年 - First demonstration of telephone in Ottawa.
• 1878年 - Laurier House built.
• 1879年 - First Great Dominion Exhibition is held in Ottawa and chaired by Charles Herbert Mackintosh. Later the exhibition grounds become Landsdowne Park, named after the Marquess of Lansdowne. Many citizens question the location of the park so far out in the country.
• 1881年 - Ottawa’s population exceeds 25,000.
• 1885年 - Electricity comes to Ottawa.
• 1885年 - Ottawa Journal founded.
• 1886年 - The Central Experimental Farm is established on 1,196英畝（4.84平方公里） of land beyond the city’s south-western limits.
• 1886年 - Smallpox epidemic kills 23.
• 1887年 - Britannia Yacht Club founded
• 1889年 - Old Supreme Court (Canada) opened.
• 1890年 - Saint Brigid's Church (Ottawa) completed.
• 1891年 - Ottawa Car Company founded.
• 1891年 - First electric streetcar line opens.
• 1892年 - Ottawa Horticultural Society founded.
• 1895年 - Ottawa's first paved street exists as of this date.
• 1897年 - Caplan's opened.
• 1900年 - Hull-Ottawa fire decimates much of Hull and many buildings in Ottawa.
• 1900年 - Goodwin House completed.

20世纪

• 1901年 - The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York cap a visit to Ottawa with a run down the lumber slide at LeBreton Flats.
• 1906年 - Ottawa Public Library founded.
• 1906年 - Booth House落成。
• 1908年 - Lansdowne Park site of city's first auto show.
• 1909年 - Murphy-Gamble opened.
• 1912年 - Château Laurier and Canadian Museum of Nature completed.
• 1912年 - Union Station opened.
• 1913年 - Ottawa Little Theatre founded.
• 1913年 - 1916 Federal Plan Commission (FPC)年 - planning of the Capital
• 1914年 - Stornoway (residence) built.
• 1916年 - Connaught Building completed.
• 1916年 - Victoria Tower (Canada) burned down. The present Peace Tower serves as a Canadian icon.
• 1918年 - Ottawa receives first delivery of airmail, from Toronto. An estimated 25,000 people and 1,000 automobiles pour onto the streets to celebrate the end of the war.
• 1919年 - Influenza epidemic claims more than 500 lives.
• 1920年 - Ottawans crowd into Château Laurier ballroom to hear first local radio transmission of live concert from Montreal.
• 1920年 - The Capital Cinema was constructed. With 2,530 seats, it was the largest movie theatre ever built in Ottawa and was regarded as one of the best cinemas designed by famed theatre-architect Thomas W. Lamb. It was demolished in 1970.
• 1922年 - A confrontation between 10,000 Orangemen and a gathering of Irish Catholics is narrowly averted when police persuade groups to go separate ways.
• 1924年 - Champagne Bath and Plant Bath built.
• 1925年 - Arches crack in the Victoria Museum and other buildings are damaged as Ottawa is rocked by its most severe earthquake since 1753.
• 1917-1939 Federal District Commission (FDC)年 - planning of the Capital
• 1928年 - Ottawa Flying Club incorporated.
• 1929年 - 1929 Ottawa sewer explosion.
• 1931年 - 1931年西敏法令。
• 1932年 - British Empire Economic Conference.
• 1936年 - First dial telephones installed in homes.
• 1937年 - National War Memorial (Canada) relocated to Ottawa.
• 1938年 - Gatineau Park created.
• 1943-1946年 - The Federal Crown expropriated 24 Sussex Drive as the residence for the Prime Minister.
• 1948年 - Ottawa Transportation Commission formed.
• 1951年 - Louis St. Laurent became the first prime minister to take up residence at 24 Sussex Drive.
• 1953年 - Montfort Hospital founded.
• 1959年 - National Capital Commission (NCC)年 - planning of the Capital
• 1959年 - Ottawa Memorial unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II.
• 1959年 - Streetcar service ends, transit now buses-only.
• 1964年 - Diefenbunker completed.
• 1966年 - 渥太華車站落成。
• 1966年 - Centennial Flame inaugurated.
• 1967年 - Ryan Tower erected.
• 1967年 - Library and Archives Canada opened.
• 1971年 - transition to regional government
• 1972年 - Mitel is established
• 1975年 - St. Pius X High School shooting.
• 1975年 - National Capital Marathon started.
• 1975年 - Great Canadian Theatre Company established.
• 1980s年 - Nabu Network operated.
• 1983年 - The Transitway started its construction as a bus rapid transit network between Baseline and Lincoln Fields at the west, Lees to Hurdman at the east, Operated by OC Transpo. Later expanded.
• 1986年 - Ottawa Courthouse opened.
• 1990年 - Canadian Tribute to Human Rights monument unveiled.
• 1992年 - Peacekeeping Monument built.
• 1993年 - Ottawa Dragon Boat Race Festival founded.
• 1994年 - CKCU Ottawa Folk Festival founded.
• 1997年 - Ottawa Fringe Festival founded.
• 1998年 - Ottawa-Carleton District School Board created.

21世纪

• 2001年 - O-Train introduced（今延齡草線）。
• 2001年 - Ottawa population of the agglomeration: 1,070,000.
• 2004年 - CBC Ottawa Broadcast Centre opened.
• 2006年 - National Capital Region (Canada) has a total population of 1,130,761.
• 2006年 - Valiants Memorial dedicated.

参见

• 渥太华大事年表
• 渥太華河
• Ottawa River timber trade
• List of people from Ottawa
• List of municipalities in Ontario

参考来源

书目

• Bond, Courtney C. J., Where Rivers Meet: An Illustrated History of Ottawa, Windsor Publications, 1984, ISBN 0-89781-111-9 
• Brault, Lucien, Ottawa Old and New, Ottawa historical information Institute, 1946, OCLC 2947504 
• Bumsted, J. m., A history of the Canadian peoples, Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1998, ISBN 0-19-541200-1 
• Martin, Carol, Ottawa: a colourguide, Formac Publishing Company, 1997, ISBN 978-0-88780-396-3 
• Champlain, Samuel de, Charles-Honoré Cauchon Laverdière, Œuvres de Champlain: Les voyages dv sievr de..., Seconde édition, Tome III, Québec: Université Laval, 1870 [28 August 2011], Open library OL18946744M 
• Conroy, Peter, Our Canal: the Rideau Canal in Ottawa, General Store Pub. House, 2002, ISBN 1-894263-63-4 
• Dodwell, Henry, The Cambridge history of the British Empire, CUP Archive, 1929 [27 May 2011], GGKEY:RPCX9953HTH 
• Douglas, Gail, Étienne Brûlé: The Mysterious Life and Times of an Early Canadian Legend, Canmore, Alberta: Altitude Publishing Canada, 2003, ISBN 1-55153-961-6 
• Finnigan, Joan. Giants of Canada's Ottawa Valley. GeneralStore PublishingHouse. 1981. ISBN 978-0-919431-00-3. 
• Greening, W. e., The Ottawa, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1961, OCLC 25441343 
• Haig, Robert, Ottawa: City of the Big Ears, Ottawa: Haig and Haig Publishing Co., 1975 
• Hessel, Peter D. K., The Algonkin Tribe, Arnprior, Ontario: Kichesippi Books, 1987, ISBN 0-921082-01-0 
• Hill, Hamnett P., Robert Randall and the Le Breton Flats, Ottawa: James Hope and Sons, 1919, OCLC 7654867 
• Keshen, Jeff; St-Onge, Nicole, Ottawa: Making a Capital, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, 2001, ISBN 0-7766-0521-6 
• Lee, David, Lumber kings & shantymen : logging and lumbering in the Ottawa Valley, James Lorimer & Company, 2006, ISBN 978-1-55028-922-0 
• Legget, Robert, Rideau Waterway, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986, ISBN 0-8020-6591-0 
• MacKay, Robert W. S., The Canada Directory, Montreal: John Lovell, 1851 
• Matthews, Geoffrey J., Historical atlas of Canada, University of Toronto Press, 1987, ISBN 978-0-8020-2495-4 
• McMillan, Alan Daniel; Yellowhorn, Eldon, First peoples in Canada, Douglas & McIntyre, 2004 [8 July 2011], ISBN 978-1-55365-053-9 
• Mika, Nick & Helma, Bytown: The Early Days of Ottawa, Belleville, Ont: Mika Publishing Company, 1982, ISBN 0-919303-60-9 
• Mika, Nick & Helma, The Shaping of Ontario: From Exploration to Confederation, Belleville, Ont: Mika Publishing Company, 1985, ISBN 0-919303-93-5 
• Mullington, Dave, Chain of office: biographical sketches of the early mayors of Ottawa (1847–1948), General Store Publishing House, 2005 [27 May 2011], ISBN 978-1-897113-17-2 
• Pentland, H. Clare, Labour and capital in Canada, 1650–1860, James Lorimer & Company, 1981 [27 May 2011], ISBN 978-0-88862-378-2 
• Reader's Digest Association (Canada), The Canadian atlas: our nation, environment and people, Reader's Digest Association (Canada), 2004 [27 May 2011], ISBN 978-1-55365-082-9 
• Scott, R. w., Recollections of Bytown, Ottawa: Mortimer Press, 1911 
• Schrauwers, Albert, Union is strength: W.L. Mackenzie, the Children of Peace and the emergence of joint stock democracy in Upper Canada, University of Toronto Press, 2009 [27 May 2011], ISBN 978-0-8020-9927-3 
• Shaw, S. Bernard, Lake Opeongo: Untold Stories of Algonquin Park's Largest Lake, General Store Publishing House, 1998, ISBN 978-1-896182-82-7 
• Taylor, John H., Ottawa: An Illustrated History, J. Lorimer, 1986, ISBN 978-0-88862-981-4 
• Van de Wetering, Marion, An Ottawa album: glimpses of the way we were, Dundurn Press Ltd., 1997, ISBN 978-0-88882-195-9 
• Woods, Shirley E. Jr., Ottawa: The Capital of Canada, Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1980, ISBN 0-385-14722-8 

外部链接

• 渥太华历史 – City of Ottawa
• Ancient history of the Ottawa Valley – 加拿大文明博物馆
• 渥太华历史 – Bytown Museum
• History of the canal – Virtual Museum of Canada
• One Room Schoolhouses in Ottawa

Category:Settlers of the National Capital Region of Canada Category:Bytown