镰鳍鲨属
鐮鰭鯊屬(學名:Falcatus)為已滅絕的鐮鰭鯊科軟骨魚,生存於石炭紀早期,化石發現於美國蒙大拿州的熊谷石灰岩礦床。
鐮鰭鯊屬 中 | |
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鐮鰭鯊化石,發現於奧地利維也納 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 脊索动物门 Chordata |
纲: | 软骨鱼纲 Chondrichthyes |
目: | †西莫利鯊目 Symmoriiformes |
科: | †鐮鰭鯊科 Falcatidae |
属: | †鐮鰭鯊屬 Falcatus Lund, 1985 |
種 | |
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描述
鐮鰭鯊體長約25至30 cm(9.8至11.8英寸),約與現今的小型鯊魚體型相當,例如侏儒烏鯊[1]。牠們身上最明顯的特徵在於背上朝頭部前方彎伸出去的長鰭棘。最初發現鐮鰭鯊化石時,僅有發現鰭棘,於是科學家於1883年依據發現於聖路易石灰岩礦床的鰭棘標本進行發表命名,學名為 Physonemus falcatus。然而,於1985年時,科學家於美國蒙大拿州發表了一種具有明顯兩性異形的軟骨魚,而部分標本背上就長有這樣的長鰭棘,而這些標本均屬於雄性個體(於標本上也可發現存在鰭足),也因此將鐮鰭鯊移置至獨立的鐮鰭鯊屬下[2]。
分類學
儘管鐮鰭鯊外型與鯊魚十分類似,但牠們與其他西莫利鯊目物種均是屬於全頭類[2],這意味著比起鯊魚,牠們與銀鮫的關係更為緊密[3]。其他包含於鐮鰭鯊科的物種包括生存於石炭紀美國阿肯色州的奧扎克鯊屬[4]以及白堊紀奧地利的白堊擬裂齒鯊屬[5]。
古環境學
熊谷石灰岩礦床位於美國蒙大拿州的大雪山,地層年代為石炭紀中期,在當時這個地區的環境是由半鹹水及淡水的泥灘與潟湖所構成[6]。為何當地能保存那麼多完整的化石,科學家提出了許多假說,其中之一為這些動物是在低含氧量的水中窒息而死的,且屍體很快地就沉入沉積物中,過程中並未遭到其他動物啃食[7]。另外一個假說則認為是豪雨造成土石流沖至下游,快速地將這些動物掩埋[8]。於當地發現的魚類化石普遍帶有膨脹的鰓,這意味著牠們可能是因窒息而死[9]。
與鐮鰭鯊生存於同一時期的魚類包括軟骨魚綱的阿格賽茲鯊屬、利斯塔克鯊屬[10]及宫齒鮫屬[11],條鰭魚總綱的迪斯科鋸魚屬[12]及副鰻鱈屬[13],肉鰭魚總綱的吮蝦魚屬[14]及Strepsodus[15],以及七鰓鰻亞綱的哈迪斯蒂鳗屬,是目前已知最古老的七鰓鰻[16]。
熊谷也出產了十分多樣的無脊椎動物化石,包括了掠蝦亞綱物種[17]、頭胸足類的Anderella[18]、分類地位不明的提豐怪物屬[19]、推測可能屬於紐鰓樽科或刺胞動物門的方形遺骸[20]、軟體動物門鸚鵡螺亞綱的Tylonautilus[21]、殼上附著有形似馬尾藻褐藻的雙殼綱鶯蛤目物種[22]、腕足動物門的長身貝目物種[23]、Paleolimulus[24]、葉蝦亞綱物種[25]、以及許多棘皮動物門物種,諸如海百合、海膽、海星、陽遂足,其中最特別的要屬具有許多腕的海星 Lepidasterella montanensis[26]。
參考文獻
- David Norman. (2001): The Big Book Of Dinosaurs. Pg.84 and Pg.286, Walcome books.
- ^ A Golden Age of Sharks. elasmo-research.org. [2023-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-22).
- ^ 2.0 2.1 The morphology of Falcatus falcatus (St. John and Worthen), a Mississippian stethacanthid chondrichthyan from the Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5(1):1-19.
- ^ Coates, M., Gess, R., Finarelli, J., Criswell, K., Tietjen, K. 2016. A symmoriiform chondrichthyan braincase and the origin of chimaeroid fishes. Nature. doi: 10.1038/nature20806
- ^ Alan Pradel; John G. Maisey; Paul Tafforeau; Royal H. Mapes; Jon Mallatt. A Palaeozoic shark with osteichthyan-like branchial arches. Nature. 2014, 509 (7502): 608–611. PMID 24739974. S2CID 3504437. doi:10.1038/nature13195.
- ^ Iris Feichtinger; Andrea Engelbrecht; Alexander Lukeneder; Jürgen Kriwet. New chondrichthyans characterised by cladodont-like tooth morphologies from the Early Cretaceous of Austria, with remarks on the microstructural diversity of enameloid. Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology. 2018, 32 (6): 1–14. S2CID 92392461. doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.1539971.
- ^ Bear Gulch Limestone Fossil Lagerstätte. fossilmuseum.net. [2023-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2023-06-04).
- ^ Grogan, Eileen D.; Lund, Richard. Soft tissue pigments of the Upper Mississippian chondrenchelyid, Harpagofututor volsellorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Holocephali) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Montana, USA. Journal of Paleontology. 1997, 71 (2): 337–342 [2023-08-13]. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1017/S002233600003924X. (原始内容存档于2023-08-12) (英语).
- ^ Grogan, Eileen D.; Lund, Richard. The geological and biological environment of the Bear Gulch Limestone (Mississippian of Montana, USA) and a model for its deposition (PDF). Geodiversitas. 2002, 24 (2): 295–315 [2023-08-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-03-08).
- ^ Hagadorn, James W. Bear Gulch: An Exceptional Upper Carboniferous Plattenkalk. Bottjer, D.J.; Etter, W.; Hagadorn, J.W.; Tang, C.M. (编). Exceptional fossil preservation; a unique view on the evolution of marine life. New York: Columbia University Press. 2002: 167–183.
- ^ Lund, Richard. Chondrichthyan life history styles as revealed by the 320 million years old Mississippian of Montana. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 1990-01-01, 27 (1): 1–19. ISSN 1573-5133. S2CID 13249799. doi:10.1007/BF00004900 (英语).
- ^ Lund, Richard. Viviparity and Intrauterine Feeding in a New Holocephalan Fish from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana. Science. 1980-08-08, 209 (4457): 697–699. Bibcode:1980Sci...209..697L. PMID 17821193. S2CID 36858963. doi:10.1126/science.209.4457.697.
- ^ Lund, Richard. The new Actinopterygian order Guildayichthyiformes from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana (USA) (PDF). Geodiversitas. 2000, 22 (2): 171–206 [2023-08-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-07-18).
- ^ Lund, Richard; Melton, William G., Jr. A new actinopterygian fish from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana. Palaeontology. 1982, 25 (3): 485–498 [2023-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-12).
- ^ Lund, Richard; Lund, Wendy. New genera and species of coelacanths from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Lower Carboniferous) of Montana (U.S.A.). Geobios. 1984, 17 (2): 237–244. ISSN 0016-6995. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(84)80145-x.
- ^ Lund, Richard; Greenfest-Allen, Emily; Grogan, Eileen D. Ecomorphology of the Mississippian fishes of the Bear Gulch Limestone (Heath formation, Montana, USA). Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2015-02-01, 98 (2): 739–754. ISSN 1573-5133. S2CID 14850973. doi:10.1007/s10641-014-0308-x (英语).
- ^ Janvier, Philippe; Lund, Richard. Hardistiella montanensis n. gen. et sp. (Petromyzontida) from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana, with remarks on the affinities of the lampreys. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 1983, 2 (4): 407–413. ISSN 0272-4634. doi:10.1080/02724634.1983.10011943.
- ^ Factor, David F.; Feldmann, Rodney M. Systematics and paleoecology of malacostracan arthropods in the Bear Gulch Limestone (Namurian) of Central Montana. Annals of Carnegie Museum. 11 October 1985, 54 (10): 319–356 [2023-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2022-08-17).
- ^ Moore, Rachel A.; McKenzie, Scott C.; Lieberman, Bruce S. A Carboniferous synziphosurine (Xiphosura) from the Bear Gulch Limestone, Montana, USA (PDF). Palaeontology. 2007, 50 (4): 1013–1019 [2023-08-13]. ISSN 1475-4983. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00685.x. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-03) (英语).
- ^ Conway Morris, Simon. Typhloesus wellsi (Melton and Scott, 1973), a bizarre metazoan from the Carboniferous of Montana, U. S. A. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences. 1990-04-12, 327 (1242): 595–624 [2023-08-13]. Bibcode:1990RSPTB.327..595M. doi:10.1098/rstb.1990.0102. (原始内容存档于2021-11-13).
- ^ Description of the 'square objects' of the Bear Gulch Limestone, Montana, USA (PDF). newhaven.edu. [2023-08-13]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-01-28).
- ^ Cox, Robt S. Preliminary report on the age and palynology of the Bear Gulch Limestone (Mississippian, Montana). Journal of Paleontology. 1986, 60 (4): 952–956 [2023-08-13]. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1017/S0022336000043092. (原始内容存档于2023-08-12) (英语).
- ^ McRoberts, Christopher A.; Stanley, George D. A unique bivalve–algae life assemblage from the Bear Gulch Limestone (Upper Mississippian) of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology. 1989, 63 (5): 578–581 [2023-08-13]. ISSN 0022-3360. doi:10.1017/S0022336000041214. (原始内容存档于2023-08-12) (英语).
- ^ Schram, Frederick R.; Horner, John. Crustacea of the Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of Central Montana. Journal of Paleontology. 1978, 52 (2): 394–406 [2023-08-13]. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1303712. (原始内容存档于2023-08-12).
- ^ Schrams, Frederick R. Limulines of the Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of Central Montana, USA. Transactions of the San Diego Society of Natural History. 1979, 19 (6): 67–74 [2023-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2021-11-13).
- ^ Schram, Frederick R.; Horner, John. Crustacea of the Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of Central Montana. Journal of Paleontology. 1978, 52 (2): 394–406 [2023-08-13]. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1303712. (原始内容存档于2023-08-12).
- ^ Welch, James R. The Asteroid, Lepidasterella montanensis n. sp., from the Upper Mississippian Bear Gulch Limestone of Montana. Journal of Paleontology. 1984, 58 (3): 843–851 [2023-08-13]. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1304921. (原始内容存档于2023-08-12).