緊縮政策
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緊縮政策(英語:Austerity)是一套政治經濟政策,旨在通過削減支出,增加稅收或兩者結合來減少政府預算赤字[1][2][3]。一個國家的政府若發現難以償還國家債務,便會考慮採用緊縮政策。這些政策旨在通過拉近政府收支差距來減少預算赤字,減輕還債難度。緊縮政策還能向債權人和信貸評級機構展示政府的財政紀律。
在大多數宏觀經濟學模型中,緊縮政策通常伴隨政府支出下降而使失業率上升[4][5]。削減政府支出會減少公營機構的就業機會,這亦可能發生在私營機構身上。此外,加稅可以通過減少家庭可支配收入來減少消費。有人認為減少支出可能導致更高的債務GDP比率,因為政府支出本身就是GDP的組成部分。例如在大蕭條之後,雖然預算赤字有所減少,但很多歐洲國家執行緊縮政策之後均出現了失業率上升和債務GDP比率上升的情況。
當一個經濟體在處於或接近產能狀態運作時,較高的短期赤字支出(刺激)可能會導致利率上升,導致私人投資減少,進一步壓抑經濟增長。在產能過剩的地方,刺激措施可能導致就業和產出增加[6][7]。
參考資料
- ^ Austerity measure. Financial Times Lexicon. [1 March 2013]. (原始内容存档于22 March 2013).
- ^ Traynor, Ian; Katie Allen. Austerity Europe: who faces the cuts. London: Guardian News. 11 June 2010 [29 September 2010]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-03).
- ^ Wesbury, Brian S.; Robert Stein. Government Austerity: The Good, Bad And Ugly. Forbes. 26 July 2010 [29 September 2010]. (原始内容存档于29 September 2010).
- ^ Austerity – Pros and Cons. Economics Help. [2020-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-12-22).
- ^ What is austerity?. The Economist. [2020-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-07-18).
- ^ Krugman, Paul. Europe's Economic Suicide. The New York Times. 15 April 2012 [2020-01-24]. (原始内容存档于2019-11-02).
- ^ Laura D'Andrea Tyson. Confusion about the Deficit. New York Times. 1 June 2012 [16 May 2013]. (原始内容存档于2019-09-30).
外部連結
- The Austerity Zone: Life in the New Europe (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) – videos by The New York Times
- Socialist Studies Special Edition on Austerity (2011) (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Panic-driven austerity in the Eurozone and its implications Paul De Grauwe, Yuemei Ji, 21 February 2013 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- NYT Review of Books – Paul Krugman – How the Case for Austerity Has Crumbled – June 2013 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- IMF Working Paper-Olivier Blanchard and Daniel Leigh-Growth Forecast Errors and Fiscal Multipliers-January 2013 (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- How Austerity Kills (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The New York Times. 12 May 2013.
- The Austerity Delusion; Why a Bad Idea Won Over the West (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) May/June 2013 Foreign Affairs
- Video: Richard Koo debates Kenneth Rogoff about the need for austerity (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Institute for New Economic Thinking inaugural conference, 22 April 2010
- "Debt may be 'Schuld' in German, but it's 'belief' in Italian and 'faith' in English" Interview with Mark Blyth (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) Science Portal L.I.S.A., 26 January 2015
- Austerity’s Greek Death Toll: Study Connects Strict Measures to Rise in Suicides (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Truthdig. 4 February 2015.
- Hundreds of mental health experts issue rallying call against austerity (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Guardian. 17 April 2015.
- Juice Rap News (April 2015). The EuroDivision Contest (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), a satire/parody of austerity
- Is austerity the new normal? A look at Greece and France, Tony Cross (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Life Under Austerity (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Jacobin. 12 July 2015.
- Austerity policies do more harm than good, IMF study concludes (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Guardian. 27 May 2016.
- When left-leaning parties support austerity, their voters start to embrace the far right (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). The Washington Post. November 20, 2018