砂拉越王国
砂拉越王國(英語:Raj of Sarawak;馬來語:Kerajaan Sarawak),是19至20世纪位於婆羅洲島西北部的君主制國家,原本是汶萊的属地,後來成為英國的保護國。砂拉越王國於1850年被美國承認,1864年被英國承認。
砂拉越王国 Kerajaan Sarawak Raj of Sarawak | |||||||||||||
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1841年-1942年 1945年-1946年 | |||||||||||||
格言:Dum spiro spero(拉丁語)[1][2] 氣息尚在,便存希望 | |||||||||||||
国歌:向海上前進 | |||||||||||||
地位 | 汶萊帝國附庸國(1841年-1842年) 独立国(1842年-1888年) 英属北婆羅洲保护国(1888年-1942年,1945年-1946年) | ||||||||||||
首都 | 古晋 | ||||||||||||
常用语言 | 官方語言:英语 通用語言:南方漢語、马来语、伊班语 | ||||||||||||
政府 | 君主制 | ||||||||||||
拉者 | |||||||||||||
• 1841年—1868年 | 詹姆斯·布洛克 | ||||||||||||
• 1868年—1917年 | 查尔斯·布洛克 | ||||||||||||
• 1917年—1946年 | 查尔斯·维纳·布洛克 | ||||||||||||
立法机构 | 國民議會 | ||||||||||||
历史时期 | 新帝国主义 | ||||||||||||
• 獨立,成為汶萊帝國的屬國 | 1841年8月18日 | ||||||||||||
1888年6月14日 | |||||||||||||
• 成为直轄殖民地 | 1946年6月30日 | ||||||||||||
• 马来西亚联邦成立 | 1963年9月16日 | ||||||||||||
面积 | |||||||||||||
124,450平方公里 | |||||||||||||
货币 | 砂拉越元 | ||||||||||||
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今属于 | 砂拉越 |
創建於1841年,王朝地點位於東南亞婆羅洲砂拉越地區。該王朝創建者為白人拉者詹姆士·布魯克。因支持文莱苏丹平定叛乱,逐渐获得原属文莱的大量土地。在統治期間,詹姆士建立並鞏固砂拉越的統治支配權,並重整行政架構、制定法律並與海盜抗爭。1888年,砂拉越王國獲得了英國的保護,成為了婆羅洲的三個保護國之一,因而避免了被其他國家吞併。
1941年12月,布洛克王朝屬地逐漸遭到日軍侵占,直至1945年8月日軍於太平洋戰場宣布投降和撤離為止。1946年,該王朝最後一位拉者查爾斯·維納·溫特·布洛克決定放棄头衔,並將主權交予英國。1963年7月22日砂拉越自治,並在1963年9月16日砂拉越以邦之地位與馬來亞、沙巴及新加坡共組馬來西亞聯邦。
歷史
發現馬來群島
布洛克王朝由英國探險家詹姆斯·布洛克建立。他在1839年來到砂拉越河处並停泊在此[3]。在第一次英緬戰爭中在戰爭服役的詹姆斯受了重傷[4][5],於是在1825年返回英國,並逐漸從傷中恢復。由于他逾期休假,其軍職被沒收[6][7][8],但因為是在服役过程中受傷所以得到了英国政府的撫卹金。因此,在傷勢尚未痊愈的情況下,詹姆斯就試圖再返印度。之後,詹姆斯從印度前往中國養傷[9]。
1830年,在詹姆斯揚帆前往中國時,他發現了馬來群島,此時的歐洲人並未來到這裡。在他的父親還未離世之前的1835年,詹姆斯回到英國並在芬德利進行了一次失敗的貿易之旅[10]。由於受到他父親生前服務的公司東印度公司和斯坦福·萊佛士的冒險旅途及故事啟發,詹姆斯用他的生父留給他的3萬英鎊購買了一艘多桅縱帆船,詹姆斯為它取名為“保皇號”。在1838年10月27日正式揚帆前往遠東之前的1836年,他招募了幾位船員,並在地中海上訓練他們。1839年7月,詹姆斯來到了新加坡地區。在那裡,他遇到了文萊蘇丹奧馬爾·阿里·塞夫丁二世(Omar Ali Saifuddin II)的叔叔彭堅然·拉惹·穆達·哈欣(Pengeran Raja Muda Hashim),並在哈欣的幫助下找到了一名遇難的英國水手。
詹姆斯原本計劃航行至婆羅洲西北部的馬魯杜灣(Marudu Bay),但是英國駐新加坡總督要求他到婆羅洲西南部去為他們感謝哈欣。接下來的一個月,詹姆斯到達了目的地婆羅洲西南部,並在1839年8月14日將他的帆船停泊在砂拉越河畔,會見到了哈欣,並傳達了謝意。哈欣告訴他,他来這裡是为了控制因皇室近親彭堅然·印德拉·馬哥達(Pengiran Indera Mahkota)所頒布的壓迫政策而反叛的民眾。馬哥達早前被蘇丹派去壟斷該地區的銻,但這直接影響了當地馬來人的收入。土著達雅族和比達友人被壓迫得更甚,他們往往在礦山中被迫工作十餘年。據稱,文萊的叛亂得到了鄰國桑巴斯王朝和荷屬東印度政府的幫助,他們希望能得到開採銻礦的經濟利益。儘管哈欣盡力阻止這場叛亂,卻都無濟於事,這導致了哈欣向詹姆斯求助。
詹姆斯響應了哈欣的請求,并領導當地土著軍隊設法暫且阻止了叛亂。作为奖赏,文萊當局把砂拉越河畔的礦山中出產的銻礦赠与詹姆斯。在那之後,詹姆斯回到新加坡。他在蘇拉威西群島的海岸間航行了約6個月,最后在1840年8月29日返回砂拉越。
建國
在詹姆斯走後,反文萊統治的叛亂死灰復燃。詹姆斯重返砂拉越後,他再次設法平息叛亂,並赦免那些叛亂的人民,讓他們加入自己的陣營,提供他們一些權力,但同時也限制一些人的權力。儘管哈欣不曾想過赦免叛軍,但在詹姆斯的說服下,哈欣最終決定原諒他們,這次事件在鎮壓叛軍中發揮了極大的作用。為了換取詹姆斯對文萊的幫助,哈欣三思後,決定將古晉地區租給詹姆斯,而詹姆斯則每年進貢500英鎊給文萊。後來,詹姆斯還成為了砂拉越的一位拉惹。但是,這一度讓馬哥達發怒,因為哈欣把他原属于他的土地剝奪,而且還租借給了一個白人。馬哥達與哈欣因此发生爭執,導致哈欣延遲將已承諾的租界給予詹姆斯,而這反过来激怒了詹姆斯。詹姆斯帶著保皇號,全副武裝,攻打文萊,並呼籲哈欣展開談判。
1841年9月14日,哈欣別無選擇,只好將砂拉越全境地區授予詹姆斯。詹姆斯得到砂拉越後,立即废止了砂拉越地區的奴隸制、獵頭及海盜,並頒布新法律。1842年7月,他在砂拉越的統治權得到了文萊蘇丹奧馬爾·阿里·塞夫丁二世的確認。
歷任拉惹
序號 | 姓名 | 肖像 | 在位時間 | 備注 | |||||||
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拉者 | |||||||||||
1 | 詹姆斯·布鲁克 James Brooke |
1842年8月18日 - 1868年6月11日 | 獲汶萊蘇丹委任為拉惹 | ||||||||
2 | 查尔斯·布鲁克 Charles Brooke |
1868年8月3日 - 1917年5月17日 | 在位期間砂拉越成為英國保護國 | ||||||||
3 | 查尔斯·维纳·布鲁克 Charles Vyner Brooke |
1917年5月24日 - 1942年4月1日 | 二戰日本攻佔砂撈越,期間失去對砂拉越的統治 | ||||||||
1942年4月1日至1945年8月15日日本佔領砂拉越 (日治婆羅洲由日治婆羅洲最高指揮官治理,查爾斯僅為日本扶持的傀儡) | |||||||||||
復任 | 查尔斯·维纳·布鲁克 Charles Vyner Brooke |
1945年8月15日 - 1946年7月1日 | 在位期間將砂拉越治權交至英國,結束砂拉越王國的統治 | ||||||||
在1946年砂拉越成為英属砂拉越直辖殖民地後,原布魯克家族繼承者安東尼·布魯克曾經試圖發動“反讓渡運動”以此來抵制英國殖民政府將砂拉越納為殖民地。而安東尼在砂拉越亦得到了馬來人與達雅人的擁戴欲成為下一任白人拉惹。 | |||||||||||
王位覬覦者 | 安東尼·布魯克 Anthony Brooke |
(王位覬覦者) | 砂拉越王國名義上的繼承者,但因1946年其父皇溫納·布魯克將砂拉越讓渡予英國殖民政府成為直轄殖民地。期間曾經支持馬來人與當地土著發動砂拉越反讓渡運動,但最終1951年退出該反讓渡運動而失敗告終。2011年3月2日於紐西蘭逝世。 |
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