维基百科

火枪

关于其他用法，请见「火枪 (消歧义)」。

火枪是一种中国古代的火器，最早出现于公元10-12世纪。火枪是所有现代火药类武器的鼻祖[1]，曾在宋金战争期间发挥了巨大作用。它最初是一种附在长柄武器（即“枪”）上的小型烟火式装置，用于在近战开始时获得冲击优势[2]。随着火药的改进，爆炸物的排放量增加，碎片或弹丸等也被添加，使其具有现代火焰喷射器以及霰弹枪组合的一些效果，但射程非常短（约3米或10英尺），而且只有一发子弹（一些设计可击发两次）。至13世纪末期，火枪的枪管已转变为金属材料，以更好地承受爆炸冲击波，并且枪头的尖刺设计被放弃，转而成为仅依靠火药击发完成攻击的纯火器。这些武器日后演变为了最早的手铳[3]。

记载于《火龍经》上的火枪形象，14世纪末（约1360-1375）

名称

根据使用王朝的不同以及構造等若干差异方面，火枪在当时有着包括“突火槍”、“梨花槍”、“火門槍”、“槍砲”等不同的名称。此外，因为現代汉语里的小型火器亦以“枪”一词通称，“火枪”一词在現代汉语里既可以表示步枪时代以前的早期火器（特别是鸟铳等），也可以用于指代后来所有的近现代枪支，在这种场合下一般将前者替称为“火矛槍”以作区分。

设计

参见：火箭 (古代)

最早出现的火枪由一根通常是竹子的管子组成，里面装有火药和一根慢火柴，绑在长矛或其他长柄武器上。 一旦点燃，火药管就会向矛头方向喷射出一股火焰。 后来将铁丸或陶器碎片等射弹添加到火药中。 发射时，火药装药将弹丸与火焰一起喷射出来[4]。

金属火枪管出现在13世纪中叶左右，并且不再捆绑于枪上，开始独立于长枪本身而使用。独立出来的金属炮管被称为“eruptor”，成为手铳的前身[4]。

在欧洲，以木管制造的火枪版本曾被使用[5]。

图集

  •  
    茅元儀所著的《武備志》上记载之火枪，1621年
  •  
    “冲阵火葫芦”，在火药爆炸中释放铅丸的多类火枪之一，来自《火龙经》的插图。
  •  
    记载于《火龙经》上的“神行破阵猛火刀牌”，约1360-1375，装载有火枪的移动盾牌，用于破坏敌人的阵型
  •  
    挥舞着火枪的骑士，约1396
  •  
    Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio 约1540.

参见

参考文献

  1. ^ Andrade 2016，第35頁.
  2. ^ Andrade 2016，第38頁.
  3. ^ Andrade 2016，第33頁.
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 Andrade 2016，第51頁.
  5. ^ Brown, Ruth Rhynas. Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period. Journal of the Ordnance Society. 2005, 17: 25–36. 

书目

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  • Andrade, Tonio, The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History, Princeton University Press, 2016, ISBN 978-0-691-13597-7 .
  • Arnold, Thomas, The Renaissance at War, Cassell & Co, 2001, ISBN 0-304-35270-5 
  • Benton, Captain James G. A Course of Instruction in Ordnance and Gunnery 2. West Point, New York: Thomas Publications. 1862. ISBN 1-57747-079-6. 
  • Brown, G. I., The Big Bang: A History of Explosives, Sutton Publishing, 1998, ISBN 0-7509-1878-0 .
  • Buchanan, Brenda J. (编), Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History, Technology and Culture (Aldershot: Ashgate), 2006, 49 (3): 785–786 [2023-10-29], ISBN 0-7546-5259-9, S2CID 111173101, doi:10.1353/tech.0.0051, （原始内容存档于2016-03-05） 
  • Chase, Kenneth, Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-521-82274-2 .
  • Cocroft, Wayne, Dangerous Energy: The archaeology of gunpowder and military explosives manufacture, Swindon: English Heritage, 2000 [2023-10-29], ISBN 1-85074-718-0, （原始内容存档于2019-12-21） 
  • Cowley, Robert, Experience of War, Laurel, 1993 .
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  • Earl, Brian, Cornish Explosives, Cornwall: The Trevithick Society, 1978, ISBN 0-904040-13-5 .
  • Easton, S. C., Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science: A Reconsideration of the Life and Work of Roger Bacon in the Light of His Own Stated Purposes, Basil Blackwell, 1952 
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  • Hadden, R. Lee. 2005. "Confederate Boys and Peter Monkeys." （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） Armchair General. January 2005. Adapted from a talk given to the Geological Society of America on March 25, 2004.
  • Harding, Richard, Seapower and Naval Warfare, 1650-1830, UCL Press Limited, 1999 
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  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Gunpowder and Firearms: Warfare in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, 2004 
  • Khan, Iqtidar Alam, Historical Dictionary of Medieval India, The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 2008, ISBN 978-0-8108-5503-8 
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  • Schmidtchen, Volker (1977a), "Riesengeschütze des 15. Jahrhunderts. Technische Höchstleistungen ihrer Zeit", Technikgeschichte 44 (2): 153–173 (153–157)
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  • Willbanks, James H., Machine guns: an illustrated history of their impact, ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2004 

外部链接

  • Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
  • Medieval Chinese Armies, 1260-1520 (Men-at-arms S.) by Chris J. Peers. ISBN 1-85532-599-3
  • Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=火枪&oldid=81385398”