極右派

政治光谱中极端靠右的派别
(重定向自極端右翼

極右派(英語:Far-right politics),又称极右翼,是指其政治立場位於政治光譜最右端的人士或組織。「極右」也常被許多政治評論家用來描述一些難以歸入傳統右派的政治團體、運動和政黨。[1]促進和持有極端保守主義極端民族主義威權主義的立場或言論的運動或政黨也被描述為極右翼。 [2]

日本極右翼團體在錦糸町車站南口廣場進行演說

一些學者使用「極端右派」(Extreme Right)或「偏激右派」(Ultra Right)來討論位於傳統選舉政治範圍以外的右派政治團體,通常有革命右派份子、好戰的種族至上主義者和宗教極端主義者、新法西斯主義者新納粹主義者三K黨員等。在這種用法中,該名詞與不好戰的極右派或右派民粹主義者等其他形式的極右派有所區別。[1][3]

傾向改革的右派運動或保守派政黨中的右翼派系,他們常被稱為「不同政見的右派」(Dissident Right)、「行動主義右派」(Activist Right)或「右翼民粹主義」(Right-wing Populism)。他們的立場介於傳統保守派和極端右派之間。這些人士位於主流選舉政治之外,但他們一般是發起改革運動,而非革命。一些被認為的「極右派」的政黨則是因為與原主流中間偏右保守主義政黨意見不合,認為他們的政策和理念已偏離原來的右派路線,如英國獨立黨

新法西斯主義者新納粹主義者時常被視為「極右派」或「偏激右派」。這些團體通常具有反革命性質。新法西斯和新納粹也意指他們來自二戰之後的時代。

由於這些分類尚未普遍被接受,以及還有其他的用法存在,因此讓「極右派」的用法較為複雜。

用法

19世紀末期,法國政治光譜可分為極左派社會主義激進派)、左派社會主義者與進步主義者)、中間偏左自由派共和黨人)、中間派(溫和派、保守派共和黨人) 、中間偏右君主立憲支持者、奧爾良派保守派共和黨人、波拿巴主義者)、右派保守主義者)和極右派(保守主義激進派、極端民族主義者、保皇派和正統派)。

不同學者在「極右派」的使用上有著衝突的用法。[3] 歷史上,極右翼被用來描述法西斯主義納粹主義的意識形態,今天的極右翼政治包括新法西斯主義新納粹主義第三位置另類右翼、種族至上主義,以及其他意識形態或組織,這些意識形態或組織具有極端民族主義沙文主義仇外主義、神權主義、種族主義恐同主義、恐跨性別者,或者其他反動觀點。 [4]

荷蘭已故極右派政治家皮姆·富圖恩,因他的反移民反穆斯林政策而被英國廣播公司稱為極右派。[5]全國公共廣播電台等曾使用「極右派」來描述一些宣揚自由市場資本主義的威權獨裁政府,像是智利奧古斯托·皮諾切特[6][7]

左派刊物《新左派評論》曾稱雷根的政策是「激進右派」(Radical Right)。[8]「激進右派」也被用來表示「視個人為核心的自由意志主義運動」。[9]

美國國土安全部將右派極端主義定義為目標放在激進、種族或宗教少數份子的仇恨團體,而且仇恨團體可能致力於某項單一議題,如反墮胎反犹太主义反共主义反同性戀和反移民等等。[10]

一些左翼人士及政治人物會以極右派來稱呼一些強硬和保守的右翼政治人物,這些政治人物會涉及種族歧視性別歧視恐同的言論。現時許多人所認為的「極右派」政黨實際上是右派民粹主義政黨,雖然這些右翼政黨抱持著民族主義,加上在社會政策上屬於右翼保守派如反對墮胎,但亦支持保障社會福利及政府干預市場經濟、集體主義民族社會主義的經濟政策,歐洲的右派民粹政黨便一直主張強調保護本國工人權益,反對引入外國移民進入勞動市場,近年歐洲移民危機,歐洲的右派民粹政黨便主張反對來自伊斯蘭教國家為主的移民及難民進入歐洲,作為主要政綱。

各地組織

亞洲

歐洲

非洲

大洋洲

北美洲

南美洲

原各地组织

亚洲

欧洲

非洲

大洋洲

北美洲

南美洲

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000
  2. ^ Ultraconservadurismo y ultranacionalismo: Autoritarismo:
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Betz & Immerfall 1998; Betz 1994; Durham 2000; Durham 2002; Hainsworth 2000; Mudde 2000; Berlet & Lyons, 2000.
  4. ^ Fascism and Nazism: Alt-right, white supremacy: Ultranationalist, racist, homophobic, xenophobic etc:
  5. ^ Pim Fortuyn: The far-right Dutch maverick. BBC. 2002-03-07 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-07). 
  6. ^ A Dictator's Legacy of Economic Growth. 2006-09-14 [2007-10-15]. (原始内容存档于2020-09-20). 
  7. ^ Glenn Greenwald. Who funds and runs the Politico? - Glenn Greenwald. Salon.com. 2007-05-04 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-05-01). 
  8. ^ Alan Wolfe, Sociology, Liberalism, and the Radical Right, New Left Review, [2009-06-12], (原始内容存档于2021-12-01) 
  9. ^ Oscar B. Johannsen. The Radical Right. [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2018-10-04). 
  10. ^ Right-wing Extremism: current economic and political climate fueling resurgence in radicalization and recruitment (PDF), [2009-06-12], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2009-06-15) 
  11. ^ Police deny Shiv Sena arrest rumours. [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-01-07). 
  12. ^ Indian MPs elect far-right speaker. 
  13. ^ Leidig, Eviane. Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism. Patterns of Prejudice. 2020-05-26, 54 (3): 215–237. ISSN 0031-322X. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861. 
  14. ^ Modi's farm laws repeal: What was at stake for Indian farmers?. Modi's farm laws repeal: What was at stake for Indian farmers?. [2022-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-20) (英语). 
  15. ^ Beauchamp, Zack. India’s ruling party lost a key election. It’s worrying that it even stood a chance.. Vox. 2021-05-04 [2022-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-17) (英语). 
  16. ^ Leidig, Dr Eviane. Far-Right Terrorism is Global, but Coverage is Not: Hindu Nationalist Violence in India. GNET. [2022-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-05) (英国英语). 
  17. ^ India’s ruling right-wing BJP suffers setback as as opposition wins polls in key States. Peoples Dispatch. 2018-12-12 [2022-01-05]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-05) (美国英语). 
  18. ^ Riot fears in Bombay after arrest of extremist leader. 
  19. ^ Arrest of political leader sparks protests in Mumbai. 
  20. ^ Indian police arrest head of rightwing group. [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24). 
  21. ^ Currently Listed Entities. Public Safety Canada. 2006-11-06 [2007-08-13]. (原始内容存档于2007-07-24). 
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Ya’ari, Ehud. Behind the Terror. Atlantic Monthly. 1987年6月 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2008-05-09). [The SSNP] greet their leaders with a Hitlerian salute; sing their Arabic anthem, "Greetings to You, Syria," to the strains of "Deutschland, Deutschland über alles"; and throng to the symbol of the red hurricane, a swastika in circular motion. 
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 Pipes, Daniel. Greater Syria. Oxford University Press. 1992 [2009-06-12]. ISBN 0195060229. (原始内容存档于2020-05-08). The SSNP flag, which features a curved swastika called the red hurricane (zawba'a), points to the party's fascistic origins. 
  24. ^ 24.0 24.1 Rolland, John C. Lebanon. Nova Publishers. 2003 [2009-06-12]. ISBN 1590338715. (原始内容存档于2013-06-06). [The SSNP's] red hurricane symbol was modeled after the Nazi swastika. 
  25. ^ 25.0 25.1 Johnson, Michael. All Honourable Men. I.B.Tauris. 2001 [2009-06-12]. ISBN 1860647154. (原始内容存档于2020-07-22). Saadeh, the party's 'leader for life', was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and influenced by Nazi and fascist ideology. This went beyond adopting a reversed swastika as the party's symbol and singing the party's anthem to Deutschland über alles, and included developing the cult of a leader, advocating totalitarian government, and glorifying an ancient pre-Christan past and the organic whole of the Syrian Volk or nation. 
  26. ^ 26.0 26.1 Becker, Jillian. The PLO: The Rise and Fall of the Palestine Liberation Organization. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1984 [2009-06-12]. ISBN 0297785478. (原始内容存档于2017-10-19). [The SSNP] had been founded in 1932 as a youth movement, deliberately modeled on Hitler's Nazi Party. For its symbol it invented a curved swastika, called the Zawbah. 
  27. ^ 27.0 27.1 Yamak, Labib Zuwiyya. The Syrian Social Nationalist Party: An Ideological Analysis. Harvard University Press. 1966 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-19). 
  28. ^ Simon, Reeva S. Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East. Macmillan Reference USA. 1996 [2009-06-12]. ISBN 0028960114. (原始内容存档于2017-10-19). The Syrian Social Nationalist party (SSNP) was the brainchild of Antun Sa'ada, a Greek Orthodox Lebanese who was inspired by Nazi and fascist ideologies. 
  29. ^ Top Judge's Ouster Shakes Pakistan, Washington Post. 2007年3月16日 [2007-04-19]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-21). 
  30. ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 30.5 30.6 30.7 30.8 Ignazi, Piero, The Extreme Right in Europe, Merkl, Peter H.; Weinberg, Leonard (编), The Revival of Right-Wing Extremism in the Nineties, London: Peter Cass, 1997 
  31. ^ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 31.10 31.11 Mudde, Cas. The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press. 2000. 
  32. ^ Far-right party shows surprising strength in Austrian vote. CNN. 1999-10-03 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2008-02-09). 
  33. ^ 33.0 33.1 Europe's far right. 《衛報》. [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2013-06-17). 
  34. ^ Mahony, Honor. Far-right group formed in European Parliament. EUobserver. 2007-01-09 [2007-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-06). 
  35. ^ Cynthia M. Frank, The Impact of Electoral Engineering on Nationalist Parties in Post-War States (PDF), [2007-02-16], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2006-09-03) 
  36. ^ The Croatian Liberation Movement. (原始内容存档于2009-05-05). 
  37. ^ Ante Pavelic killer file. (原始内容存档于2009-06-19). 
  38. ^ German Far Right Exploiting Reform Anger. [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-22). 
  39. ^ German far right unites for polls. BBC. [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-14). 
  40. ^ Far-right movement gathers strength as Greek election nears. 《衛報》. 2007-09-13 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-31). 
  41. ^ Paul Tugwell Saronida. Greeks return fire-damaged conservatives. The Age. 2007-09-18 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-02). 
  42. ^ ANTHEE CARASSAVA. Greek Governing Party Wins a 2nd Term. 《紐約時報》. 2007-09-17 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-05). 
  43. ^ Greeks Voting in General Election. 《華盛頓郵報》. 2007-09-16 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-31). 
  44. ^ Return to (illiberal) diversity? (PDF): 9, [2009-06-12], (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-01-11) 
  45. ^ Informaworld - Portugal: A New Look At The Extreme Right. [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-23). 
  46. ^ Political parties Archive.is存檔,存档日期2012-08-05, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland), accessed 23 October 2009.
  47. ^ Traynor, Ian. Romania's first gift to the European Union - a caucus of neo-fascists and Holocaust deniers. 《衛報》. 2007-01-08 [2007-01-10]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-15). 
  48. ^ Right Wing Fascist Nationalist Xenophobic Parties Organizations. (原始内容存档于2008年2月3日). 
  49. ^ Southeast Europe Portal - Serbia: Local Elections 2004 Results. (原始内容存档于2004-09-23). 
  50. ^ Ian Traynor. Extreme nationalist elected speaker of Serbian parliament. 《衛報》. 2007-05-08 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2007-12-19). 
  51. ^ Misha Savic. Milosevic ally gains key Serbian post. Boston.com. 2007-05-08 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-24). 
  52. ^ Balkan crisis news report on presidential elections. [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-04). 
  53. ^ Rydgren, Jens. Radical Right-wing Populism in Sweden and Denmark. The Centre for the Study of European Politics and Society. [2006-05-25]. (原始内容存档于2012-02-04). 
  54. ^ Schweizer Demokraten vor der Auflösung. NZZ Online. [永久失效連結]
  55. ^ British National Party: Nasty, brutish and short-lived?. 《經濟學人》. 2004-08-05 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2009-04-22). 
  56. ^ 存档副本. [2017-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-19). 
  57. ^ 存档副本. [2017-11-18]. (原始内容存档于2017-10-19). 
  58. ^ Australia First: reclaiming the agenda. The Age. 2005-12-14 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2006-02-03). 
  59. ^ Fascist Australia. The Age. 2004-08-24 [2009-06-12]. (原始内容存档于2011-05-13). 
  60. ^ Minority group in TV hijacking. The Australian. 2007-07-14 [2007-07-14]. (原始内容存档于2007-07-16). 
  61. ^ Diamond, Sara. 1995. Roads to Dominion: Right–Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States. New York: Guilford.
  62. ^ American Architects & Engineers Discuss World Trade Center Building #7.. [2020-09-11]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-01). 
  63. ^ Benites, Afonso. Bolsonaro anuncia saída do PSL e seus planos para fundar sigla Aliança pelo Brasil. El País. 2019-11-12 [2019-11-13]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-17) (葡萄牙语). 
  64. ^ Ávila, Ariel. La derecha en Colombia y la campaña presidencial. Article. Diario El País. 2017-09-05 [2018-10-06]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-09) (西班牙语). 
  65. ^ Hoyos, Adriana, Colombia Country Report 2013 (PDF), Center for International Development, Harvard University: 4–5, 2013-03 [2020-05-06], (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-12-03) 
  66. ^ 存档副本. [2020-05-06]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-13). 

參考書目

參見