维基百科

敘利亞伊斯蘭起義

叙利亚伊斯兰起义是1976年至1982年期間由逊尼派伊斯兰主义者發起的反阿薩德政權暴動。他們試圖推翻阿薩德政權並在叙利亚建立伊斯兰共和国。 [12]他們在叙利亚各地罢工、抗议。 [13] 還有伊斯蘭民兵袭击敘利亞阿拉伯陸軍基地，并暗殺敘利亞复兴党干部、军官、苏联军事顾问和與阿萨德家族密切的人員。 [14][15][10]敘利亞阿拉伯陸軍也對暴動人士展開報復。 [16] 為了打擊暴動人士，阿薩德政權發動了哈马大屠杀。 [16][17]

敘利亞伊斯蘭起義
阿拉伯冷戰的一部分

1982 年哈馬大屠殺後，哈馬老城區被摧毀的部分
日期1976年5月31日 (1976-05-31)－1982年2月28日 (1982-02-28)
（5年8个月又4周）[11]
地点
敘利亞大馬士革, 哈馬, 阿勒颇, 帕爾米拉,和吉斯爾舒古爾
结果

敘利亞政府勝利

参战方
戰鬥先鋒隊[1][2]
穆斯林兄弟會 (1979 年中期以後)[3][4]
親伊拉克復興黨[5]
支持:
伊拉克 (1980–1982)
 约旦[6][7]
 西德[8]		  敘利亞
支持:
 苏联[9][10]
指挥官与领导者

参考文献

  1. ^ Lefèvre 2013，第100–101頁.
  2. ^ Conduit 2019，第34頁.
  3. ^ Conduit 2019，第35頁.
  4. ^ Lefèvre 2013，第110頁.
  5. ^ The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood. Cablegate. 26 February 1985 [12 July 2013]. （原始内容存档于8 May 2014）. 
  6. ^ Milton Edwards, Beverly; Hinchcliffe, Peter. 4: International Relations. Jordan: A Hashemite Legacy. New York, USA: Routledge. 2001: 97. ISBN 0-415-26726-9. 
  7. ^ Conduit 2019，第138–141頁.
  8. ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 26–31. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1. Another reason for West Germany to oppose Asad [sic] was his involvement in international terrorism, such as the RAF (Baader Meinhof Gang) clique and the "Movement 2nd of June – Tupamaros West Berlin"... West Germany, as an ally in the anti-Soviet camp, had a reason to support the Brotherhood in Syria and to provide them a safe exile in Germany as a place from where they could continue their attempts to overthrow Asad [sic], in order to weaken the Soviet bloc... Three ways how West Germany supported the Syrian Brotherhood.. It provided asylum and a save haven from where the exile-brotherhood could organise its struggle against Asad [sic], it protected them against attacks of Syrian intelligence, and West German newspapers reported about the Hama incident in a way that supported the aims of the Brotherhood. 
  9. ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 3–34. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 Like Father, Like Son – Tyranny in Syria, A Massacre in Hama. Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. 11 June 2015. （原始内容存档于16 May 2016）.  引用错误：带有name属性“adst.org”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  11. ^ Timeline: The Syrian revolt. Al Jazeera. 
  12. ^ Seale (1989).
  13. ^ Key events in Syria 1946–2010. Encyclopædia Britannica. （原始内容存档于4 August 2016）. 
  14. ^ Ismael, Quiades. The Hama Massacre – February 1982. SciencesPo. 22 December 2009. （原始内容存档于3 November 2020）. 
  15. ^ Nina Wiedl, Kathrin. The Hama Massacre – reasons, supporters of the rebellion, consequences. GRIN Verlag. 2006: 23. ISBN 978-3-638-56770-1. 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Lefèvre (2013).
  17. ^ Sufism and Sufi Brotherhoods in Syria and Palestine. ou.edu. 
  • Conduit, Dara. The Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. Cambridge University Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-108-49977-4. 
  • Carré, Olivier; Michaud, Gérard. Les Frères musulmans: Egypte et Syrie (1928–1982). Paris: Gallimard. 1983. 
  • Lefèvre, Raphaël. Ashes of Hama: the Muslim Brotherhood in Syria. New York: Oxford University Press. 2013. ISBN 978-0-19-936545-6. OCLC 867049938. 
  • Lefèvre, Raphaël. The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood’s Alawi Conundrum. The Alawis of Syria: War, Faith and Politics in the Levant. Oxford University Press. 2015. ISBN 978-0-19-045811-9. 
  • Seale, Patrick. Asad of Syria: the struggle for the Middle East 1st. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1989. ISBN 0-520-06667-7. OCLC 19130614. 
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