巨大質量恆星列表
這是一份有關巨大質量恆星的列表,依太陽質量的多寡排列(1太陽質量=太陽的質量而不是太陽系的質量)。
恆星質量是恆星最重要的一個要素。質量加上化學成分能確定一顆恆星的光度、它實際上的大小和它最後的命運。列在表上的恆星,由於它們的質量非常巨大,到最後大多都會爆發成超新星甚至是極超新星,然後形成黑洞。
不確定性和警告
表中所列出的恆星質量都是從理論上推測的,依據的是恆星很難測定的溫度和絕對星等。所有列出的恆星質量都是不確定的:因為天文學家已經將目前的理論和測量技術發揮到了極限,而無論是理論或觀測,只要有一個錯誤,或是兩者都錯,結果就會不正確。例如仙王座VV變星,依據這顆恆星特有的產物估算,質量就可能是太陽的25至40倍,或是100倍。
大質量恆星是很罕見的,表中列出的恆星距離都在數千光年以上,它們孤單地存在著,使距離很難測量。除了很遠之外,這些質量極端巨大的恆星似乎都被噴發出來的氣體雲氣包圍著;周圍的氣體會遮蔽恆星的光度,使原本就很難測量的光度和溫度更難測量,並且也使測量他們內部化學成分變成更加複雜的問題。[1]
另一方面,雲氣的遮蔽也阻礙了觀測,而難以確認是一顆大質量恆星,還是多星系統。下表中必然有一定數量的恆星也許是轨道极近的聯星,每一顆恆星的質量必然也不小,但不一定是巨大的質量;這些系統仍然可以二選一的是一顆或多顆大質量恆星,或有許多質量不大的伴星。因此表中許多恆星的質量經常是目前被研究的主題,質量經常被重測,而且經常被校正。[2]
表中列出的質量中,數據最可靠的恆星是HD 97950 A1[3]、WR 21a和WR 20a,因為兩者都是聯星系統(兩顆恆星沿著軌道互繞)。天文學家能夠運用克卜勒行星運動定律,經由研究它們的軌道運動可以測量出兩顆恆星各自的質量。此外,這三者還都是食雙星,還可以測量徑向速度和光度曲線來測量質量。
恆星演化
一定數量的恆星也許已經拋出了比目前估計還要多的質量,但因為這些巨額質量的流失是經由次級的假超新星爆炸事件產生的,因此可能已經拋出了10倍於太陽的質量。也會有一定數量的超新星和極超新星殘骸,它們的質量可以依據在爆炸前觀測到的前超新星或前極超新星的質量,和超新星或極超新星爆炸時的能量和事件的類型來估計。[4]這種恆星(如果還未爆炸)將很容易出現在這張表中(但是它們也可能不在表中)。
巨大質量的恆星列表
沃尔夫-拉叶星 |
高光度蓝变星 |
O型星 |
B型星 |
太陽質量60倍以上的恒星:
恒星名称 | 質量(太陽=1) | 距離(光年) | 视星等 | 有效温度(K) | 估算方法 | 链接 | 參考文獻 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BAT99-98 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 226 | 165000 | 13.38 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
R136a1 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 224 | 163000 | 12.28 | 46000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
R136a7 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 199 | 163000 | 13.97 | 49000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
BAT99-105 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 189 | 163000 | 12.78 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
R136a2 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 187 | 163000 | 12.34 | 50000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
VFTS 1022 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 178 | 164000 | 13.47 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
R136a5 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 171 | 157000 | 13.71 | 47000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
R136a4 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 167 | 157000 | 13.41 | 48000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
HSH95-46 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 160 | 163000 | 14.56 | 49000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
R136a3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 154 | 163000 | 12.97 | 50000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
VFTS 682 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 153 | 164000 | 16.08 | 52200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [9][6] |
HD 15558 A (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) | 152 | 24400 | 7.87 | 39500 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [10][11] |
HSH95-36 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 149 | 163000 | 14.41 | 52000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
BAT99-116 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 147 | 163000 | 13.09 | 53000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [12][6] |
VFTS 482 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 145 | 164000 | 12.95 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
R136c (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 142 | 163000 | 13.43 | 51000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [13][6] |
VFTS 1021 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 141 | 164000 | 13.35 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
LH 10-3209 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) | 140 | 160000 | 11.859 | 42500 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
VFTS 506 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 138 | 164000 | 13.31 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [9][6] |
BAT99-116 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 136 | 163000 | 13.09 | 53000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [12][6] |
VFTS 545 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 133 | 164000 | 13.32 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
HD 97950 B (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 132 | 24800 | 11.33 | 42000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [3][16] |
HD 269810 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2029) | 130 | 163000 | 12.22 | 52500 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [17][18] |
HSH95-73 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 127 | 163000 | 15.13 | 33000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
WR 42e (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 123 | 25000 | 14.53 | 43000 | 系统弹出 | SIMBAD | [20] |
R136a6 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 121 | 157000 | 13.35 | 53000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
HD 97950 A1a (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 120 | 24800 | 11.18 | 42000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [3][16] |
LSS 4067 (位于HM 1) | 120 | 11000 | 11.44 | 40000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][22] |
R136b (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 120 | 163000 | 13.24 | 37000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
WR 93 (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) | 120 | 5900 | 10.68 | 71000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
Sk -69° 212 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 119 | 160000 | 12.416 | 45400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
Sk -69° 249 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) | 119 | 160000 | 12.02 | 38900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][24] |
ST5-31 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 119 | 160000 | 12.273 | 50700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][25] |
MSP 183 (位于维斯特卢2) | 115 | 20000 | 13.878 | 46300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [26][27] |
WR 24 (位于船底座星云的科林德228) | 114 | 14000 | 6.48 | 50100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [28][29] |
HD 97950 C1 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 113 | 24800 | 11.89 | 44000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [3][16] |
圆拱星团-F9 (位于圆拱星团) | 111.3 | 25000 | 16.1 (J波段) | 36600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
天鹅座OB2#12 A (位于天鹅座OB2) | 110 | 5200 | 11.702 | 13700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [32][33] |
HD 93129 Aa (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) | 110 | 7500 | 6.9 | 42500 | 三星系统 | SIMBAD | [34][11] |
R146 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 109 | 164000 | 13.11 | 63000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
VFTS 621 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 107 | 164000 | 15.39 | 54000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
WR 21a A (来自维斯特卢2的速逃星) | 103.6 | 26100 | 12.661 | 45000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [35][18] |
R99 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N44) | 103 | 164000 | 11.52 | 28000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][11] |
HSH95-47 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 102 | 163000 | 14.72 | 47000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][6] |
圆拱星团-F6 (位于圆拱星团) | 101 | 25000 | 15.75 (J波段) | 33900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
Sk -65° 47 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1923) | 101 | 160000 | 12.466 | 47800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
圆拱星团-F1 (位于圆拱星团) | 100.9 | 25000 | 16.3 (J波段) | 33200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
牡丹星 (靠近银心) | 100 | 26000 | 12.98 (J波段) | 25100 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [36][37] |
VFTS 457 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 100 | 164000 | 13.74 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
海山二 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 100 | 7500 | 4.3 | 9400-35200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [38][39] |
默瑟30-1 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 99 | 40000 | 10.33 (J波段) | 32200 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
Sk -68° 137 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 99 | 160000 | 13.346 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
HSH95-48 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 98 | 163000 | 14.75 | 49000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
WR 25 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 98 | 6500 | 8.8 | 50100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [28][11] |
BI 253 (来自大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云的速逃星) | 97.6 | 164000 | 13.76 | 54000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [13][41] |
R136a8 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 96 | 157000 | 14.42 | 51000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [19][6] |
HD 38282 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 95 | 163000 | 11.11 | 47000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [42][18] |
HM 1-6 (位于HM 1) | 95 | 11000 | 11.64 | 44700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][43] |
NGC 3603-42 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 95 | 25000 | 12.86 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][16] |
R139 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 95 | 163000 | 11.94 | 35000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
BAT99-6 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1747) | 94 | 165000 | 11.95 | 165000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HSH95-49 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 94 | 163000 | 14.75 | 48000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
Sk -66° 172 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N64) | 94 | 160000 | 13.1 | 46300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
ST2-22 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 94 | 160000 | 14.3 | 51300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][44] |
VFTS 259 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 94 | 164000 | 13.65 | 37600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 562 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 94 | 164000 | 13.66 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 512 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 93 | 164000 | 14.28 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
HD 97950 A1b (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 92 | 24800 | 11.18 | 40000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [3][16] |
VFTS 16 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 91.6 | 164000 | 13.55 | 50600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [13][6] |
HD 97950 A3 (位于NGC 3603内的HD 97950) | 91 | 24800 | 12.95 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][16] |
NGC 346-W1 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 91 | 200000 | 12.57 | 43400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][45] |
HSH95-45 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 90 | 163000 | 14.65 | 42000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
R127 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2055) | 90 | 160000 | 10.15 | 18500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [46][18] |
VFTS 333 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 90 | 164000 | 12.49 | 37600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 267 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 89 | 164000 | 13.49 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 64 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 88 | 164000 | 14.621 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
BAT99-80 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 87 | 165000 | 13 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [23][44] |
R140b (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 87 | 165000 | 12.66 | 47000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
VFTS 542 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 87 | 164000 | 13.47 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 599 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 87 | 164000 | 13.8 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
WR 89 (位于HM 1) | 87 | 11000 | 11.02 | 39800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [28][18] |
圆拱星团-F7 (位于圆拱星团) | 86.3 | 25000 | 15.74 (J波段) | 32900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
Sk -69° 104 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 86 | 160000 | 12.1 | 39900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
VFTS 1017 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 86 | 164000 | 14.5 | 50100 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
布雷21 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 85 | 160000 | 11.29 | 71000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
LH 10-3061 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) | 85 | 160000 | 13.491 | 52000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
Sk 80 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 85 | 200000 | 12.31 | 38900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][47] |
VFTS 603 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 85 | 164000 | 13.99 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
Sk -70° 91 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 1830) | 84.09 | 165000 | 12.78 | 48900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
R147 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 84 | 164000 | 12.993 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][49] |
HD 93250 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 83.3 | 7500 | 7.5 | 46000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [50][11] |
HSH95-30 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 83 | 163000 | 14.21 | 37000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
WR 20a A (位于维斯特卢2) | 82.7 | 20000 | 13.28 | 43000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [51] |
OGLE-ECL-17 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2048) | 82 | 160000 | 14.05 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
WR 20a B (位于维斯特卢2) | 81.9 | 20000 | 13.28 | 43000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [51] |
川普勒27-27 (位于川普勒27) | 81 | 3900 | 13.31 | 37000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][18] |
BAT99-96 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 80 | 165000 | 13.76 | 42000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][6] |
HD 15570 (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) | 80 | 7500 | 8.11 | 46000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [10][11] |
HD 38282 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 80 | 163000 | 11.11 | 47000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [42][18] |
HSH95-70 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 80 | 163000 | 14.96 | 47000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
圆拱星团-F15 (位于圆拱星团) | 79.7 | 25000 | 16.12 (J波段) | 35600 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
BI 237 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2527) | 79.66 | 165000 | 13.83 | 51300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
VFTS 94 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 79 | 164000 | 14.161 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
VFTS 151 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 79 | 164000 | 14.13 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
HSH95-31 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 78 | 163000 | 14.12 | 48000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
LH 41-32 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 78 | 160000 | 13.086 | 48200 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
匹斯密斯24-17 (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) | 78 | 5900 | 11.84 | 42700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [52][43] |
VFTS 404 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 78 | 164000 | 14.14 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
HSH95-112 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 77 | 163000 | 15.74 | 36000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
BAT99-68 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2505) | 76 | 165000 | 14.13 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HD 93632 (位于船底座星云的科林德228) | 76 | 10000 | 8.23 | 45400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
NGC 346-W3 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 76 | 200000 | 12.8 | 52500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][45] |
VFTS 169 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 76 | 164000 | 14.437 | 47300 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
VFTS 440 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 76 | 164000 | 12.046 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
AB1 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的DEM S10) | 75 | 197000 | 15.238 | 79000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [53][45] |
WR 22 A (位于船底座星云的波鸿10) | 75 | 8300 | 6.42 | 44700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [28][11] |
匹斯密斯24-1NE (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) | 74 | 6500 | 11 | 42500 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [52][54] |
VFTS 608 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 74 | 164000 | 14.22 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
默瑟30-3 (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 73 | 40000 | 12.62 (J波段) | 39300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
默瑟30-11 (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 73 | 40000 | 12.33 (J波段) | 36800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
VFTS 566 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 73 | 164000 | 14.05 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
LH 64-16 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2001) | 72 | 160000 | 13.666 | 50900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][25] |
NGC 2044-W35 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 72 | 160000 | 14.1 | 48200 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
VFTS 216 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 72 | 164000 | 14.389 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
HSH95-58 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 71 | 163000 | 14.8 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
ST2-1 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 71 | 160000 | 14.3 | 44100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][44] |
VFTS 3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 71 | 164000 | 11.56 | 21000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [55][6] |
圆拱星团-F12 (位于圆拱星团) | 70 | 25000 | 16.4 (J波段) | 36900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
布雷50 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) | 70 | 165000 | 13.25 | 117000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
HD 15629 (位于心脏星云内的IC 1805) | 70 | 7500 | 8.42 | 45900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [10][11] |
HD 37974 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的N135) | 70 | 163000 | 10.99 | 22500 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [56][18] |
HD 93129 Ab (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) | 70 | 7500 | 7.31 | 44000 | 三星系统 | SIMBAD | [34][57] |
M33 X-7 B (位于三角座星系) | 70 | 2700000 | 18.7 | 35000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [58][59] |
Sk -69° 194 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) | 70 | 160000 | 12.131 | 45000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][49] |
VFTS 125 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 69.6 | 164000 | 16.6 | 55200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [13][44] |
HD 46150 (位于蔷薇星云内的NGC 2244) | 69 | 5200 | 6.73 | 44000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][11] |
HD 229059 (位于伯克利87) | 69 | 3000 | 8.7 | 26300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
ST2-3 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 69 | 160000 | 14.264 | 44900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
ST2-32 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 69 | 160000 | 13.903 | 45400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
W28-23 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) | 69 | 160000 | 13.702 | 51300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][25] |
HD 93403 A (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 68.5 | 10400 | 8.27 | 39300 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [60][18] |
HD 93130 (位于船底座星云的科林德228) | 68 | 10000 | 8.04 | 39900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
HM 1-8 (位于HM 1) | 68 | 11000 | 12.52 | 46100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][43] |
HSH95-75 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 68 | 163000 | 15.08 | 39000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
BAT99-93 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 67 | 165000 | 13.446 | 45000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
Sk -69° 200 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2033) | 67 | 160000 | 11.18 | 26300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
圆拱星团-F18 (位于圆拱星团) | 66.9 | 25000 | 16.7 (J波段) | 36900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
圆拱星团-F4 (位于圆拱星团) | 66.4 | 25000 | 15.63 (J波段) | 36800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [30][31] |
BAT99-59 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2020) | 66 | 165000 | 13.186 | 71000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
BAT99-104 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 66 | 165000 | 12.5 | 63000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HD 5980 B (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 66 | 200000 | 11.31 | 45000 | 三星系统 | SIMBAD | [61][57] |
HD 190429 A (靠近巴纳德146) | 66 | 7800 | 6.63 | 46000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [62][11] |
LH 31-1003 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1858) | 66 | 160000 | 13.186 | 41900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
LH 114-7 位于大麦哲伦星系内的N70) | 66 | 160000 | 13.66 | 50000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
匹斯密斯24-1SW (位于NGC 6357内的匹斯密斯24) | 66 | 6500 | 11.1 | 40000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [52][54] |
BAT99-126 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 65 | 165000 | 13.166 | 71000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HSH95-89 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 65 | 163000 | 14.76 | 44000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [19] |
VFTS 63 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 65 | 164000 | 14.4 | 42200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][44] |
VFTS 145 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 65 | 164000 | 14.3 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
VFTS 518 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 65 | 164000 | 15.11 | 44700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
BD+43° 3654 (来自天鹅座OB2的速逃星) | 64.6 | 5400 | 10.06 | 40400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [63][57] |
BAT99-129 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的DEM L294) | 64 | 165000 | 14.701 | 79000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HSH95-68 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 64 | 163000 | 15.15 | 43000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
Sk -69° 25 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1748) | 64 | 160000 | 11.886 | 43600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
川普勒27-23 (位于川普勒27) | 64 | 3900 | 10.09 | 27500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][18] |
HD 46223 (位于蔷薇星云内的NGC 2244) | 63 | 5200 | 7.28 | 46000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][11] |
HD 64568 (位于船尾座OB2内的NGC 2467) | 63 | 16000 | 9.39 | 54000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][18] |
HD 303308 (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 63 | 9200 | 8.17 | 51300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][18] |
HR 6187 A (位于天坛座OB1内的NGC 6193) | 63 | 4300 | 5.54 | 46500 | 七星系统 | SIMBAD | [64][11] |
LH 10-3058 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1763) | 63 | 160000 | 14.089 | 54000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [14][15] |
ST5-71 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) | 63 | 160000 | 13.266 | 45400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
AB9 (位于小麦哲伦星系内的DEM S80) | 62 | 197000 | 15.431 | 100000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [53][45] |
布雷32 B (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1966) | 62 | 165000 | 12.32 | 43600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
HD 93160 (位于船底座星云内的川普勒14) | 62 | 8000 | 7.6 | 42700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [21][11] |
LH 41-1017 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 62 | 160000 | 12.266 | 42700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
默瑟30-6a A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 62 | 40000 | 10.39 (J波段) | 29900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
ST4-18 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 62 | 160000 | 13.639 | 44800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
VFTS 664 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 62 | 164000 | 13.937 | 39900 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][15] |
HD 229196 (位于天鹅座OB9) | 61.6 | 5000 | 8.59 | 40900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [63][43] |
AB8 B (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 602) | 61 | 197000 | 12.83 | 45000 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [61][65] |
BAT99-79 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2044) | 61 | 165000 | 13.486 | 42000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [5][15] |
HD 5980 A (位于小麦哲伦星系内的NGC 346) | 61 | 200000 | 11.31 | 37000 | 三星系统 | SIMBAD | [61][57] |
HSH95-64 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 61 | 163000 | 15.03 | 40000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [7][19] |
LH 41-18 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1910) | 61 | 160000 | 12.586 | 38500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
默瑟30-9 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 61 | 40000 | 12.25 (J波段) | 34500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
ST5-25 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2074) | 61 | 160000 | 13.551 | 48600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][25] |
VFTS 422 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 61 | 164000 | 15.14 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
WR 102hb (位于五合星团) | 61 | 26000 | 13.9 (J波段) | 25100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [66][67] |
Sk -67° 166 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的GKK-A144) | 60.68 | 160000 | 12.22 | 41800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
Sk -67° 167 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的GKK-A144) | 60.68 | 160000 | 12.586 | 41800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
Sk -71° 46 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的BSDL 2242) | 60.68 | 160000 | 13.241 | 41800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [48][15] |
布雷10 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1770) | 60 | 165000 | 12.69 | 117000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
布雷94 A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 60 | 165000 | 12.996 | 83000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][15] |
布雷95a A (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 60 | 165000 | 12.2 | 83000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][68] |
默瑟30-7 A (位于龙鱼星云内的默瑟30) | 60 | 40000 | 11.52 (J波段) | 41400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [40] |
R134 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 60 | 164000 | 12.75 | 39800 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [8][6] |
R142 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 60 | 164000 | 11.82 | 18000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [55][6] |
R143 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 60 | 160000 | 12.014 | 27000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [46][15] |
Sk -69° 142a (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 1983) | 60 | 160000 | 11.093 | 34000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [46][49] |
Sk -69° 259 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的NGC 2081) | 60 | 160000 | 11.93 | 23000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [23][18] |
Var 83 (位于三角座星系) | 60 | 3000000 | 16.027 | 27500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [69][70] |
VFTS 430 (位于大麦哲伦星系内的蜘蛛星云) | 60 | 164000 | 15.11 | 24500 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [55][6] |
一些常见的质量在60个太阳质量之下的恒星:
恒星名称 | 質量(太陽=1) | 距離(光年) | 视星等 | 有效温度(K) | 估算方法 | 链接 | 參考文獻 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
弧矢增二十二 (位于船帆座分子云脊内的船帆座R2) | 56.1 | 1080 | 2.25 | 40000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [62][11] |
造父三 (来自仙王座OB3的速逃星) | 51.4 | 3100 | 5.05 | 36000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [62][11] |
弧矢增六 Aa (位于NGC 2362) | 50 | 5120 | 4.89 | 32000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][11] |
参宿二 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 44 | 2000 | 1.69 | 27500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [72][11] |
伐二 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 39 | 1500 | 5.02 | 34900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [73][74] |
少卫/紫微右垣六 (来自NGC 1502的速逃星) | 37.6 | 6000 | 4.29 | 29000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [75][11] |
天津增九 (位于天鹅座OB1内的IC 4996) | 37 | 5100 | 4.82 | 18700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [76][11] |
尾宿三 (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) | 36 | 8210 | 4.705 | 17200 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [77][78] |
参宿一 Aa (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 33 | 1260 | 2.08 | 29500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [79] |
伐一C1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户四边形星团) | 33 | 1340 | 5.13 | 39000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [80][11] |
王良二 (位于仙后座OB14) | 33 | 4000 | 4.16 | 23500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [81][11] |
海山二 B (位于船底座星云内的川普勒16) | 30 | 7500 | 4.3 | 37200 | 双星系统 | SIMBAD | [82][39] |
天社一 B (位于船帆座OB2) | 28.5 | 1230 | 1.83 | 35000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [83][11] |
觜宿一 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座λ星协) | 27.9 | 1100 | 3.54 | 37700 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [84][85] |
卷舌三 (位于英仙座OB2内的加州星雲) | 26.1 | 1200 | 4.04 | 35000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [75][11] |
WR 79a (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) | 24.4 | 5600 | 5.77 | 35000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [86][11] |
参宿三 Aa1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 24 | 1200 | 2.5 | 29500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [87][88] |
伐三 Aa1 (位于猎户座分子云团内的NGC 1980) | 23.1 | 1340 | 2.77 | 32500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [89][90] |
WR 78 (位于天蝎座OB1内的NGC 6231) | 22 | 4100 | 6.48 | 50100 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [28][29] |
军市增五 (位于科林德121) | 21.4 | 2800 | 3.043 | 15500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [91][11] |
参宿七 A (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 21 | 860 | 0.13 | 12100 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [92][11] |
弧矢二 (位于科林德121) | 21 | 2000 | 2.45 | 15000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [81][11] |
天市右垣十一/韩 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的上天蝎次集团) | 20.2 | 370 | 2.569 | 34000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [75][11] |
参宿增三十六 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 20 | 2900 | 4.618 | 33400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [93][94] |
参宿增一 Aa (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 18 | 1260 | 4.07 | 35000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [95][96] |
屎 (来自猎户四边形星团的速逃星) | 16 | 1300 | 5.18 | 33000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [97][11] |
参宿六 (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 15.5 | 650 | 2.09 | 26500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][11] |
天津增二十八 (位于天鹅座OB4) | 15 | 3260 | 4.233 | 10800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [98][99] |
南船三 A (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的IC 2602) | 14.9 | 460 | 2.76 | 31000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][100] |
伐二 B (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 14.8 | 1500 | 6.38 | 29300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [101] |
卷舌四 (位于英仙座OB2) | 14.5 | 750 | 2.86 | 20800 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][11] |
参宿增一 B (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 14 | 1260 | 4.07 | 31000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [95][96] |
军市一 (位于本地泡) | 13.5 | 490 | 1.985 | 23200 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [102][103] |
卷舌二 A (位于英仙座α星团) | 13.5 | 640 | 2.88 | 26500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][104] |
伐三 Aa2 (位于猎户座分子云团内的NGC 1980) | 13.1 | 1340 | 2.77 | 27000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [89][90] |
房宿三 A (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的上天蝎次集团) | 13 | 440 | 2.307 | 27400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [105][106] |
参宿增一 Ab (位于猎户座分子云团内的猎户座OB1) | 13 | 1260 | 4.07 | 29000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [95][96] |
苍蝇座θ Aa (位于半人马座OB1) | 11.5 | 7400 | 5.53 | 83000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [107][11] |
天社一 A (位于船帆座OB2) | 9 | 1230 | 1.83 | 57000 | 质光关系 | SIMBAD | [83][11] |
心宿增四 A (位于蛇夫座ρ星云复合体) | 8.7 | 360 | 4.63 | 22000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [108][11] |
心宿二 B (位于环泡1) | 7.2 | 550 | 5.5 | 18500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [105][85] |
毕宿八 A (位于双鱼-波江座星流) | 7.18 | 480 | 3.47 | 18700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [71][109] |
天船五 (位于英仙座α星团) | 7 | 520 | 3.01 | 14900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][100] |
天船四 (位于英仙座α星团) | 6.2 | 580 | 4.31 | 16000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][11] |
孔雀十一 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) | 5.91 | 180 | 1.94 | 17700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [111][90] |
昴宿六 A (位于昴宿星團) | 5.9 | 440 | 2.87 | 12300 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [112][11] |
天狼增四 (位于科林德121) | 5.6 | 440 | 4.1 | 13600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][113] |
蓋屋一 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) | 4.3 | 440 | 4.71 | 13500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][114] |
天庾一 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) | 3.65 | 370 | 4.69 | 13400 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [115][11] |
天园三 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) | 3.55 | 150 | 3.55 | 13700 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [116][117] |
小斗七 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的蝘蜓座η移动星群) | 3.2 | 310 | 5.453 | 12500 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][57] |
小斗二 (位于天蝎-半人马星协内的蝘蜓座ε移动星群) | 2.87 | 360 | 4.91 | 10900 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [118][100] |
蛇腹二 (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) | 2.64 | 150 | 4.12 | 11000 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [119][110] |
鸟喙四 A (位于杜鹃-时钟座星协) | 2.5 | 140 | 4.37 | 10600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [120][85] |
羽林軍二十五 (位于双鱼-波江座星流) | 2 | 320 | 5.66 | 10600 | 恒星演化 | SIMBAD | [110][121] |
太阳 (位于太阳系) | 1 | 0.0000158 | -26.744 | 5772 | 测定标准 | NASA | [122][123][124] |
黑洞
黑洞是巨型恆星的最終演化物。理論上它們不是恆星,它們核心不再引起核聚變。另外,理论上存在的微黑洞与恒星演化无关。
愛丁頓光度極限
天文學家經過長期推論的結果顯示,一顆原恆星成長到120倍太陽質量以上時必然會猛烈爆炸。很早期的第三星族星可以超過這個極限,如果目前宇宙存在任何質量超過120倍太陽質量的恆星,它們將對現時的恆星演化理論產生疑慮。
質量極限出現的原因是因為擁有更巨大質量的恆星在消耗燃料的速率更快,比其他中小質量的恆星更加巨大。如果一顆巨型恆星在恆星核心引起核聚變所發岀的壓力發光能量超出它本身內部拉扯重力,就稱為愛丁頓極限。在超過這個極限時,恆星將會開始推擠自己,或流失足夠的質量使內部降低到至恆星可以承受的速率。在理論上,由於恆星風會讓許多物質流出,一顆更巨大的恆星不能一直維持如此巨大的質量。[128]
天文學家在研究銀河系已知恆星最密集的星群:圓拱星團後,證實在那裏不存在質量達到150倍太陽質量的恆星,但经过对大麦哲伦云星系的R136超星团研究后,却发现了多颗超过这一极限的恒星,这些超大的恒星很有可能是合并的产物。[129]
參見
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