恆星之書

恆星之書（阿拉伯语：كتاب صور الكواكب‎kitab suwar al-kawakib）是天文學家阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·蘇菲於西元964年撰寫的書^[1]。雖然作者是波斯人，但這本書是用阿拉伯文書寫。他試圖將托勒密的《天文學大成》（第七冊和第八冊）和阿拉伯傳統天文學原本的星座綜合成星表。

這本書詳細說明和敘述對恆星的觀察，它們的位置（從托勒密的《天文學大成》複製過來，而因為歲差的緣故，經度增加了12° 42'）、星等（亮度）和顏色。如同托勒密的天文學大成是以星座，他的研究結果也是以星座來呈現。對每一個星座，他提供了兩個圖形，一張是從內向外觀看天球，另一張是從外向內觀看天球。

這項工作有很大的影響力，因而有許多手稿和翻譯本倖存下來。現存最古老的手稿保存在博德利圖書館，並且是作者兒子在1009年的手稿。在大英圖書館中有一份13世紀的複製品。

他所描述的小雲，實際上是對仙女座星系最早的描述和插畫。他把它說成是躺在一條大魚的嘴前，這是一個阿拉伯的星座。很可能在905年之前，伊斯法罕的天文學家就都已經熟知這朵"雲"的存在^[2]。大小麥哲倫星雲最早的紀錄，也出自"恆星之書" ^[3]^[4]。這些都是在銀河系之外最早從地球觀察到的星系。他觀察到的仙女座大星系也是第一個真正不同於星團的星雲。^[5]。

他可能還將船帆座o 星團歸類為"朦朧之星"，此外還有狐狸座的"模糊物件"，現在被稱為蘇菲的星團、"衣架星群"、布洛契星團或Collinder 399^[5]。此外，他提到了兩個麥哲倫雲，而它們從伊拉克與內志看不到，但從帖哈麥可以看見；而且它們被稱為"母牛"（al-Baqar）。

這本書沒有發表過英文的譯本，但在1874年被Hans Schjellerup（英语：Hans Schjellerup）譯成法文^[6]。迄2012年3月，澳洲唐斯維詹姆士庫克大學的Ihsan Hafez在籌備中^[7]。

版本

Text and French translation of Ṣūfī's introduction by J. J. A. Caussin de Perceval in Notices et extraits des manuscrits XII, Paris, 1831, pp. 236f.
H.C.F.C. Schjellerup, Description des étoiles fixes par Abd-al-Rahman al-Sûfi （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, St. Petersburg, 1874. Complete French translation from two late mss., with selected portions in Arabic.
Ketāb ṣowar al-kawākeb al-ṯābeta, edited from five mss., and accompanied by the Orǰūza of Ebn al-Ṣūfī, Hyderabad, India, 1954 (introduction by H. J. J. Winter).
Facsimile edition of the Persian translation by Naṣīr-al-dīn Ṭūsī (Ayasofya 2595, autograph, from Uluḡ Beg’s library), Tehran, 1348 Š./1969.
Critical edition of Ṭūsī's translation by Sayyed Moʿezz-al-dīn Mahdavī, Tehran, 1351 Š./1972.
The star nomenclature of the Castilian version, and of an Italian translation made from Castilian, was critically edited by O. J. Tallgren, "Los nombres árabes de las estrelas y la transcripción alfonsina", in Homenaje a R. Menéndez Pidal II, Madrid, 1925, with 'Correcciones y adiciones' in Revista de filología española 12, 1925, pp. 52f.
The Italian translation was edited by P. Knecht, I libri astronomici di Alfonso X in una versione fiorentina del trecento, Saragossa, 1965.

參考資料

^ صور الكواكب‎ or Book of the constellations, or fixed stars Library of Congress. World Digital Library.
^ Kepple, George Robert; Glen W. Sanner. The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 1. Willmann-Bell, Inc. 1998: 18. ISBN 0-943396-58-1.
^ Observatoire de Paris (Abd-al-Rahman Al Sufi). [2007-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-16）.
^ Observatoire de Paris (LMC). [2007-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-22）.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 Kenneth Glyn Jones, Messier's nebulae and star clusters, Cambridge University Press: 1, 1991, ISBN 0-521-37079-5
^ Hafez, Ihsan; Stephenson, F. Richard; Orchiston, Wayne. Άbdul-Ramān al-Şūfī and his Book of the Fixed Stars: a journey of re-discovery. Orchiston, Wayne (编). Highlighting the history of astronomy in the Asia-Pacific region: proceedings of the ICOA-6 conference. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. New York: Springer. 2011: 121–138. ISBN 978-1-4419-8161-5.
^ O'Brien, Jim. JCU researcher seeks inspiration in the stars. News and Media. Townsville, Queensland: James Cook University. 15 March 2012 [8 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于26 November 2012）.

Paul Kunitzsch, The Arabs and the Stars: Texts and Traditions on the Fixed Stars, and Their Influence in Medieval Europe (Variorum Reprint, Cs307)
Paul Kunitzsch, Arabische Sternnamen in Europa, Wiesbaden, 1959, pp. 230f.
Paul Kunitzsch, "Ṣūfī Latinus", Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländische Gesellschaft, 115, 1965, pp. 65–74.
Paul Kunitzsch, "Al-Ṣūfī" in: Dictionary of Scientific Biography, XIII, New York, 1976, pp. 149–50.
J. Upton, "A Manuscript of “The Book of the Fixed Stars” by ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān aṣ-Ṣūfī", Metropolitan Museum Studies, 4, 1933, pp. 179–97.
E. Wellesz, An Islamic Book of Constellations, Oxford, 1965.
H. J. J. Winter, "Notes on al-Kitab Suwar Al-Kawakib", Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences, 8, 1955, pp. 126–33.

外部連結

Bodleian copy of Suwar al-Kawakib al-Thabitah (Book of fixed Stars) （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Biography of Al Sufi （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Copy (dated c. 1730) of al-Sufi's Book of the Fixed Stars （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Ulugh Beg in www.atlascoelestis.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Liber locis stellarum fixarum, 964, manoscritto del 1417 riprodotto il 1730 in www.atlascoelestis.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Pergamenthandschrift M II 141 in www.atlascoelestis.com （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
A page about Muslim Astronomers （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Al-Sufi's constellations （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Al-Ṣūfī’s Book of the Constellations of the Fixed Stars and its Influence on Islamic and Western Celestial Cartography （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） - includes a detailed bibliography and a list of all known manuscripts of al-Ṣūfī’s Book of the Fixed Stars.
Illustrations from Book of Fixed Stars (Kitāb suwar al-kawākib al-ṯābita) by ‛Abd al-Rahman ibn ‛Umar al-Ṣūfī. （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）
Moya Carey, Painting the Stars in a Century of Change: A thirteenth-century copy of al-Sufi's "Treatise on the Fixed Stars" - British Library Or.5323 （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）

[1] صور الكواكب‎ or Book of the constellations, or fixed stars Library of Congress. World Digital Library.

[NSOG-2] Kepple, George Robert; Glen W. Sanner. The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 1. Willmann-Bell, Inc. 1998: 18. ISBN 0-943396-58-1.

[obspm-3] Observatoire de Paris (Abd-al-Rahman Al Sufi). [2007-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2007-04-16）.

[obspm2-4] Observatoire de Paris (LMC). [2007-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2017-06-22）.

[Jones-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Kenneth Glyn Jones, Messier's nebulae and star clusters, Cambridge University Press: 1, 1991, ISBN 0-521-37079-5

[Hafez11-6] Hafez, Ihsan; Stephenson, F. Richard; Orchiston, Wayne. Άbdul-Ramān al-Şūfī and his Book of the Fixed Stars: a journey of re-discovery. Orchiston, Wayne (编). Highlighting the history of astronomy in the Asia-Pacific region: proceedings of the ICOA-6 conference. Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings. New York: Springer. 2011: 121–138. ISBN 978-1-4419-8161-5.

[7] O'Brien, Jim. JCU researcher seeks inspiration in the stars. News and Media. Townsville, Queensland: James Cook University. 15 March 2012 [8 July 2012]. （原始内容存档于26 November 2012）.

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