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Portal:動物/精選條目/1

卡尔·冯·林奈瑞典語Carl von Linné,1707年5月23日—1778年1月10日),過去曾译成林内,受封貴族前名为卡尔·林奈乌斯Carl Linnaeus),由于瑞典学者阶层的姓常拉丁化,又作卡罗卢斯·林奈烏斯拉丁語Carolus Linnaeus),瑞典植物学家、动物学家和医生瑞典科学院创始人之一并担任第一任主席。他奠定了现代生物学命名法二名法的基础,是现代生物分类学之父,也被认为是现代生态学之父之一。他的很多著作使用拉丁文撰写,他的名字在拉丁语中是Carolus Linnæus(在1761年之后为Carolus a Linné)。

1707年,林奈出生于瑞典南部斯莫蘭的一个小乡村里。林奈在烏普薩拉大學接受了大部分的高等教育,并在1730年开始教授植物学。1735年至1738年之间,他居住在国外和做研究。他在荷兰出版了第一版的《自然系统》(Systema Naturae)。之后,他回到瑞典的乌普萨拉,担任了医学和植物学教授。在1740年代,他旅行遍及瑞典各地,搜集和分类各种植物和动物。在1750年代和1760年代,他继续搜集和分类各种动植物,并将成果出版了好几卷。当他逝世的时候,他已经是欧洲最受赞誉的科学家之一。

瑞士哲学家卢梭在给林奈的信中写到“告诉他我知道地球上没有人比他更伟大”。德国学者歌德写过:“除了莎士比亚斯賓諾莎,再没有其他的先人对我的影响比林奈更强。” 除了这些赞誉,林奈还被称为“植物学王子”,“北方的博物志”,以及“第二个亚当”。

在植物学中,用L.来作为表明林奈的作者权的作者名缩写。在一些较老得出版物中,有时林奈的作者名缩写为“Linn.”。

Carl Linnaeus ( 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778) was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology. Linnaeus was born in the countryside of Småland, in southern Sweden. He received most of his higher education at Uppsala University, and began giving lectures in botany there in 1730. He lived abroad between 1735 and 1738, where he studied and also published a first edition of his Systema Naturae in the Netherlands. He then returned to Sweden, where he became professor of medicine and botany at Uppsala. In the 1740s, he was sent on several journeys through Sweden to find and classify plants and animals. In the 1750s and '60s, he continued to collect and classify animals, plants, and minerals, and published several volumes. At the time of his death, he was one of the most acclaimed scientists in Europe.

Portal:動物/精選條目/2

加州神鷲學名Gymnogyps californianus)属于美洲鹫科新大陸禿鷲家族,为北美洲大陆最大的鸟类。如今这种鹫只生活在科羅拉多大峽谷区域以及加利福尼亚州下加利福尼亞州北部西海岸的群山中。牠是加州兀鹫属唯一存活的物种

加州神鹫是一种大型黑色的禿鷲,翅膀下面有白色的小块,头部秃毛,根据其情绪的不同,显露的皮肤颜色为微黄色到鲜红色。在所有北美洲的鸟类中其翼幅最宽,同时也是最重的鸟类之一。加州神鹫是食腐動物,吃大量的腐肉。牠是世界上寿命最长的鸟类之一,其寿命可达50年。

19世纪以来,由于非法狩猎、鉛中毒栖息地破坏,加州神鹫的数量急遽减少。最终,美国於1987年执行了一项自然保护运动计划,捕获了所有存活的野生加州神鹫,总计22只鸟被豢养在圣迭戈野生动物园洛杉矶动物园。从1991年起,数量开始有所增长,加州神鹫又被重新放归山林。这项工程是美国迄今以来最昂贵的物种保护工程。加州神鹫是世界上最稀少的鸟类之一。到2008年12月,据统计只剩有327只存活的加州神鹫,其中半数以上为野生。[1]

加州神鹫对于很多加州印第安人的文化具有重要意义,作为一个重要角色出现在一些传统的美國原住民神話中。

The California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) is a New World vulture, the largest North American land bird. This condor became extinct in the wild in 1987 (all remaining wild individuals were captured), but the species has been reintroduced to northern Arizona and southern Utah (including the Grand Canyon area and Zion National Park), the coastal mountains of central and southern California, and northern Baja California. Although other fossil members are known, it is the only surviving member of the genus Gymnogyps. The species is listed as critically endangered by the IUCN.

The plumage is black with patches of white on the underside of the wings; the head is largely bald, with skin color ranging from gray on young birds to yellow and bright orange on breeding adults. Its huge 3.0米(9.8英尺) wingspan is the widest of any North American bird, and its weight of up to 12公斤(26磅) nearly equals that of the trumpeter swan, the heaviest among native North American bird species. The condor is a scavenger and eats large amounts of carrion. It is one of the world's longest-living英语List of long-living organisms birds, with a lifespan of up to 60 years.[2]

Condor numbers dramatically declined in the 20th century due to poaching英语poaching, lead poisoning, and habitat destruction.[3] A conservation plan was put in place by the United States government that led to the capture of all the remaining wild condors which was completed in 1987, with a total population of 27 individuals.[4] These surviving birds were bred at the San Diego Wild Animal Park英语San Diego Wild Animal Park and the Los Angeles Zoo英语Los Angeles Zoo. Numbers rose through captive breeding英语captive breeding and, beginning in 1991, condors were reintroduced into the wild. The California condor is one of the world's rarest bird species: as of December 2015 there are 435 condors living wild or in captivity.[5]

The condor is a significant bird to many Californian Native American groups and plays an important role in several of their traditional myths.


Portal:動物/精選條目/3

多孔动物门學名Porifera)为原始的多细胞生物,也称海绵动物门SpongiatiaSpongia),一般称为海绵。海绵没有神经消化循环系统,相反,它們大多依靠海水流過自己的身體来獲得食物和氧氣並消除廢物,就像海底中的濾水器。

由於形状像植物,而且根植在海底中,所以海綿千百年來都被認為是植物,但後來發現它們幾乎具備所有最基本的動物特徵,所以到十九世纪中期才被歸入動物界裡頭。但近期基於基因組資訊與系統發生學的更多證據,所以應否把它們保留在動物界還是獨立出來自成一個界別的論點在生物學界仍在不斷討論中。

Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera (meaning "pore bearer"). They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl英语mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells. Sponges have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. Sponges do not have nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes.


Portal:動物/精選條目/4

内肛动物门(學名:Entoprocta)是动物界的一个门。分類上曾一度把牠們与外肛动物门合称为苔藓动物门(Bryozoa)。后来发现内肛动物为假体腔动物,而外肛动物为真体腔动物,现行分类已将这两类动物独立成门。内肛动物大约有150多种,绝大多数体型不超过5mm。 内肛动物门,水生无脊椎动物,分布于全世界,主要见于海洋生境。有少数生活于淡水。内肛动物为单体或通过出芽方式形成相互交通的群体;其中,每个个体称为个员,高仅0.4~0.5毫米,有一条柄,可以互相结合,柄可附着在贝壳、海草或其他会产生水流的动物,如海绵、苔藓动物、水螅和环节动物上。身上有一个球状的头部(萼),其中包容一个U形的消化道以及神经、排泄和生殖系统。具纤毛的触手排成冠状,用以产生水流,将食物颗粒送入位于中央的口部。营群体生活的各类常将萼总抛弃,然后再生。营单体生活的种类可以生出子芽,子芽成熟后脱离母体。虽然内肛动物的幼体及其早期发育方式表明内肛动物可能与环节动物和与环节动物近缘的门有遥远的亲缘关系,但无证据表明内肛动物与任何门的动物为近缘。

Entoprocta is a phylum of mostly sessile英语Sessility (zoology) aquatic animals, ranging from 0.1 to 7 millimetres (0.0039 to 0.28 in) long. Mature individuals are goblet英语goblet-shaped, on relatively long stalks. They have a "crown" of solid tentacles whose cilia generate water currents that draw food particles英语filter feeder towards the mouth, and both the mouth and anus lie inside the "crown". The superficially similar Bryozoa (Ectoprocta) have the anus outside a "crown" of hollow tentacles. Most families of entoprocts are colonial, and all but 2 of the 150 species are marine. A few solitary species can move slowly. Some species eject unfertilized ova into the water while others keep their ova in brood chambers until they hatch, and some of these species use placenta-like organs to nourish the developing eggs. After hatching, the larvae swim for a short time and then settle on a surface. There they metamorphose, and the larval gut generally rotates by up to 180°, so that the mouth and anus face upwards. Both colonial and solitary species also reproduce by cloning — solitary species grow clones in the space between the tentacles and then release them when developed, while colonial ones produce new members from the stalks or from corridor-like stolon英语stolons. Some species of nudibranchs ("sea slugs") and turbellarian flatworms prey on entoprocts. A few entoproct species have been found living in close association with other animals. It is uncertain whether any are invasive species.


Portal:動物/精選條目/5

北極燕鷗(學名:Sterna paradisaea、arctic tern)是屬於燕鷗科的一種海鳥。分佈於北極及附近地區,並於北極歐洲亞洲北美洲靠近北極的地方進行繁殖。北極燕鷗是候鳥,每年经历兩個夏季,從其北部的繁殖區南遷至南極洲附近的海洋,之後再北遷回繁殖區(約24,000英里),這是已知的動物中遷徙路線最長的。

北極燕鷗體型中等,一般長33到39公分,翼展76到85公分。其羽毛主要呈灰色與白色,喙和兩腳呈紅色,前額呈白色,頭頂和頸背呈黑色,腮幫子呈白色。其灰色翅膀為305毫米,肩羽帶棕色。上面的冀背呈灰色,帶白色羽緣,頸部呈純白色,其帶灰色羽瓣的叉狀尾部亦然。其後面的耳覆羽呈黑色

北極燕鷗只會照料和保護小部分的幼鳥。成體會長期養牠們的幼鳥,並幫助牠們飛往南方過冬。北極燕鷗壽命很長,大部分可活上20年。牠們主要吃和水生的無脊椎動物。此物種數量很多,約為一百萬個個體。


Portal:動物/精選條目/6

狐獴是一種小型晝行性動物,雄性平均重約731克,雌性720克,有著修長的軀幹跟四肢,使牠們的身長可達到25到35公分,尾長亦有17-25公分。牠的尾巴(並不如其他的獴類那樣一叢)為長、細,並尖尖延伸到端點,在末端的端點都為黑色,在直立時狐獴會用尾巴支撐來保持平衡,牠們的臉型也是尖尖延伸到棕色的鼻子,狐獴的眼睛周圍都有著黑色塊,這些構造的作用跟太陽眼鏡相同,讓牠們在艷陽普照下仍能清晰的視物,甚至是直視太陽,這對狐獴幫助很大,因為空中的掠食者通常是在太陽之前飛行以避免被察覺。狐獴有著小、黑、新月型的耳朵,有著在挖洞時能閉起來以避免砂進入耳內的功能。 狐獴有著有力、2公分長、彎曲的爪子,可用來挖洞獵食和調整牠們的地底洞穴,牠們在每隻腳上有四根腳趾和長細的肢體。毛皮的顏色通常是淺黃棕色參雜著灰、古銅或微帶銀的棕色,牠們有著短平行的條紋橫過牠們的背,這些條紋從尾巴的基部延伸到肩且每隻皆不同。狐獴的身體下部沒有花樣,但在腹部只有稀疏覆體的毛,並露出底下的黑色皮膚,當牠們用後腳站立時,狐獴利用腹部這塊黑色區域吸收太陽的熱,這通常是牠們在寒冷的沙漠夜晚之後晨間做的第一件事以弄暖身體。 狐獴的主要以昆蟲为食,但牠們也會吃蜥蜴蜘蛛植物跟小型哺乳動物。就如其他獴一樣,狐獴發展出對許多的毒免疫,這使牠們可以吃蝎子(包括刺)跟有些蛇而不至於導致不適、中毒或死亡。牠們體內沒有儲存脂肪,所以如果牠們沒有每天覓食就會餓死。


Portal:動物/精選條目/7

玳瑁學名Eretmochelys imbricata)是属於海龟科的一种海龜,是玳瑁属下唯一一种,又名瑇瑁蝳蝐瑇玳文甲鷹嘴海龜十三鲮龟十三鳞十三棱龟明玳瑁千年龟,简称[6],分为太平洋玳瑁(Eretmochelys imbricata bissa)和大西洋玳瑁(Eretmochelys imbricata imbricata)两个亚种。此物种分布非常广泛,其中太平洋玳瑁分布於印度洋-太平洋海域大西洋玳瑁分布於大西洋中[7]。该物种的模式产地在美洲和亞洲的海域[8]

玳瑁的外形与其他海龟大致相似,都有扁平的躯体、保护性的背甲、以及适於划水的桨状鳍足,而玳瑁最明显的特点是其鷹般的嘴,以及躯体後部锯齿般的缘盾。虽然玳瑁分布在广大的海域中,其最主要的生活区是浅水礁湖和珊瑚礁区,珊瑚礁中的许多洞穴和深谷给它提供休息的地方,珊瑚礁中还生活着玳瑁最主要的食物——海绵。这些海绵中的部分物种对於其他生物来说是剧毒且致命的,所以玳瑁肉中往往會含有致人死亡的高毒性物质;且由於海绵中通常含有大量二氧化硅玻璃的主要原料之一),因此玳瑁是屈指可数的能够消化玻璃的动物之一,也是唯一能消化玻璃的海龟。玳瑁的食物还包括栉水母水母海葵贝类无脊椎动物以及鱼类海藻[9]

玳瑁的甲壳上有美丽而又色彩斑斓的花纹,是一种名贵的宝石,可作为首饰雕塑等饰品的原材料,高贵典雅,有祥瑞幸福、健康长寿的象征,享有“海金”之称。玳瑁工艺在中国已有上千年的历史,工艺水平在唐代已达顶峰,日本的玳瑁工艺也受到了中国很大的影响。正是由於人类对玳瑁的过度需求,导致玳瑁在世界范围内的数量持续减少,已有灭绝的危险,目前两个玳瑁亚种的保护现状均已被世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)评为極危状态[10]。一些国家,如中国日本,常会猎取玳瑁、挖其巢穴以食用它的肉和蛋,因为玳瑁的肉蛋很美味,甲壳可入中药,因此玳瑁的保护有很大困难。目前玳瑁受到《濒危野生动植物物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)的保护,很多国家已禁止猎捕玳瑁,玳瑁产品也被禁止进出口[11]。 The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae. It is the only extant species in the genus Eretmochelys. The species has a worldwide distribution, with Atlantic and Indo-Pacific subspeciesE. i. imbricata and E. i. bissa, respectively.[12]

The hawksbill's appearance is similar to that of other marine turtles. In general, it has a flattened body shape, a protective carapace英语Carapace#Turtles and tortoises, and flipper-like limbs, adapted for swimming in the open ocean. E. imbricata is easily distinguished from other sea turtles by its sharp, curving beak with prominent tomium英语tomium, and the saw-like appearance of its shell margins. Hawksbill shells slightly change colors, depending on water temperature. While this turtle lives part of its life in the open ocean, it spends more time in shallow lagoons and coral reefs. The World Conservation Union, primarily as a result of Human fishing practices, classifies E. imbricata as critically endangered.[10] Hawksbill shells were the primary source of tortoiseshell material used for decorative purposes. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species outlaws the capture and trade of hawksbill sea turtles and products derived from them.[11]


Portal:動物/精選條目/8

鸚鵡[13]毛利語kākāpō,夜鸚鵡的意思。學名Strigops habroptila)是一種夜行性鸚鵡,全身佈上黃綠色的細點,地棲且不會飛行,是紐西蘭特有種[14]。鴞鸚鵡在紐西蘭的原住民毛利人心中佔有重要的地位,因此也出現在他們不同的傳說及民間傳奇之中。其學名來自希臘語strigos:鴞的,為strix一詞的屬格ops:面孔、habros:柔軟的,和ptilon:羽毛。即擁有鴞的面孔、羽毛柔軟的鳥。

牠臉上有鴞形目獨有的面盤羽毛排列,有獨特的感受器羽鬚、大而灰的、短腿大腳、翅膀及相對短的尾巴。牠是世上唯一一種不会飞行的鸚鵡,體型冠絕同類、夜行性、草食性,表現出兩性異形的身體結構,基礎代謝率緩慢,雄性不負責照顧幼小,也是唯一一種實行一夫多妻制、並實行求偶場交配模式的鸚鵡。有研究指牠也可能是世界上壽命最長的鳥類[15],普遍相信可達60年或以上[16]。從其解剖結構中得知,牠象徵了部分鳥類進化的趨勢──降落於海島後,擁有豐富的食物及極少的天敵,飛行能力並不符合熱力學的效益,因而造成翅膀肌肉退化,胸骨上的龍骨消失,體型變得壯碩強健[15]

鴞鸚鵡的祖先在史前時代就移居紐西蘭。在沒有哺乳類獵食者的情況下,牠們失去了飛行能力。自波里尼西亞歐洲殖民者引入如等生物後,鴞鸚鵡的數目開始大幅下降。打從1890年開始就有保育措施,但大部分均未見成效,直至1980年正式實行的全國性鴞鸚鵡復育計劃。2005年11月,全紐西蘭餘下的鴞鸚鵡僅在四個無捕獵者的地區活動並得到嚴密監管,包括茂伊島喬基島科德菲什島安克島[15]。而在紐西蘭南面峽灣區的兩個島嶼,雷索盧申島塞克勒特里島上,大規模的海島恢復活動正在進行,以提供一個合適的生境予鴞鸚鵡居住。現時鴞鸚鵡是全球最接近滅絕的物種之一,但其復育計劃成功使該物種在超過半世紀只餘不足50隻個體的情況下,終在2009年3月期間突破100隻[17]。至2015年7月,鴞鸚鵡的數量終提升至125隻[18]

不同類型的鴞鸚鵡保育活動使這物種變得相當有名,包括近年為數甚多的書籍紀錄片等均展示了鴞鸚鵡所面臨的困境及危機。其中最早期的包括在1962年,自然學家傑洛德·杜瑞爾英语Gerald DurrellBBC之邀製作了一輯名為《雙雙入叢林》的紀錄片[19]BBC自然歷史系列英语BBC Natural History Unit也曾選中鴞鸚鵡並由在大衛·艾登堡主持的《飛禽傳》中介紹。馬克·卡沃汀道格拉斯·亞當斯合撰的《最後一眼》一書中也介紹了這種鳥類。

Earlier ornithologists felt that the kakapo might be related to the ground parrots and night parrot of Australia due to their similar colouration, but this is contradicted by recent studies;[20] rather, the cryptic colour seems to be adaptation to terrestrial habits that evolved twice convergently.[21]


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禽龍屬学名Iguanodon,意為“鬣蜥的牙齒”),屬於蜥形綱鳥臀目鳥腳下目禽龍類,是大型草食性動物,身長約10公尺,高3到4公尺,前手拇指有一尖爪,可能用來抵抗掠食動物,或是協助進食。

禽龍的化石多數發現於歐洲比利時英國德國。牠們主要生存於白堊紀早期的巴列姆階到早阿普第階,約1億2600萬年前到1億2500萬年前。禽龍的演化位置大約位於行動敏捷的稜齒龍類首次出現,演化至鳥腳下目中最繁盛的鴨嘴龍類,這段演化過程的中間位置。禽龍與年代更晚的鴨嘴龍類,共同屬於禽龍類演化支。

禽龍的化石在1822年首次發現,並在1825年由英國地理學家吉迪恩·曼特爾進行描述與命名。在過去的研究歷史中,有許多化石被歸類於禽龍,年代橫跨侏罗纪啟莫里階白堊紀森諾曼階,範圍廣達歐洲北美洲亞洲內蒙古、以及北非。但根據近年研究,這些化石多被歸類於其他屬,或是建立為新屬。目前的唯一有效種是貝尼薩爾禽龍I. bernissartensis[22]

禽龍是繼斑龍之後,世界上第二種正式命名的恐龍。斑龍、禽龍、以及林龍是最初用來定義恐龍總目的三個屬。古生物學界對於禽龍的了解,因為新發現的化石而隨著時間不斷改變。禽龍的大量標本,包括從兩個著名屍骨層發現的接近完整骨骸,使得研究人員可提出許多禽龍生活方面的假設,包括進食、移動方式、以及社會行為。禽龍的重建圖也隨著標本的新發現而改變。

Iguanodon (/ɪˈɡwɑːnədɒn/ i-GWAH-nə-don; meaning "iguana-tooth") is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that existed roughly halfway between the first of the swift bipedal英语bipedalism hypsilophodontids of the mid-Jurassic英语Middle Jurassic and the duck-billed dinosaurs of the late Cretaceous. While many species have been classified in the genus Iguanodon, dating from the late Jurassic Period to the early Cretaceous Period of Asia, Europe, and North America, research in the first decade of the 21st century suggests that there is only one well-substantiated species: I. bernissartensis, which lived from the late Barremian to the earliest Aptian ages[22] (Early Cretaceous英语Early Cretaceous) in Belgium, Spain, and possibly elsewhere in Europe, between about 126 and 125 million years ago. Iguanodon were large, bulky herbivores. Distinctive features include large thumb spikes, which were possibly used for defense against predators, combined with long prehensile fifth fingers able to forage for food.

The genus was named in 1825 by English geologist英语geologist Gideon Mantell, based on fossil specimens that are now assigned to Therosaurus and Mantellodon英语Mantellodon. Iguanodon was the second type of dinosaur formally named based on fossil specimens, after Megalosaurus. Together with Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus, it was one of the three genera originally used to define Dinosauria. The genus Iguanodon belongs to the larger group Iguanodontia, along with the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of this genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.

Scientific understanding of Iguanodon has evolved over time as new information has been obtained from fossils. The numerous specimens of this genus, including nearly complete skeletons from two well-known bonebeds英语bone bed, have allowed researchers to make informed hypotheses regarding many aspects of the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour. As one of the first scientifically well-known dinosaurs, Iguanodon has occupied a small but notable place in the public's perception of dinosaurs, its artistic representation changing significantly in response to new interpretations of its remains.


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The 冰島陰莖博物館冰島語Hið Íslenzka Reðasafn)位於冰島的首都雷克雅維克市,是世界上收藏最多陰莖的博物館,而且是世界上唯一專門收藏陰莖的博物館。

 
The Icelandic Phallological Museum's sign

博物館是1997年由歷史學家哈特森(Sigurður Hjartarson,1941年生)創辦的。哈特森自從1974年得到一件公牛陰莖以後開始收集各種動物的陰莖。退休以後哈特森在雷克雅維克附近的漁村 Húsavík 建立博物館。2012年博物館搬到雷克雅維克市内。館長現在是哈特森的兒子 Hjörtur Gísli Sigurðsson。[23]

博物館總共收藏280件陰莖,來自93種動物(大部分是住在冰島上和冰島週圍海裏的哺乳動物),包括鯨魚的陰莖55件、海豹鰭足類動物的陰莖36件、陸生動物的陰莖118件。據說還藏有神話中洞穴巨人精靈的陰莖。2011年7月收藏第一件人的陰莖,是一位95歲冰島人艾拉森(Pall Arason)的陰莖,但保存情況不良,所以哈特森希望將來會有人贈給“一個更年輕更大更好的陰莖”。[23]2014,一名美國男子法爾康(Jonah Falcon)願意死後捐出其勃起時達34厘米的陰莖予博物館。[24]另外館內還收藏有在2008年夏季奧林匹克運動會手球比賽中獲得銀牌的冰島男子手球隊的一組陰莖銅像。

最大的陰莖是抹香鯨的,重70公斤、長170釐米,但這不過是陰莖的前部分,全部可能達到5米長、重350至450公斤。[23]

Icelandic Phallological Museum, in Reykjavík, Iceland, houses the world's largest display of penises and penile parts. The collection of 280 specimens from 93 species includes samples from whales (pictured), seals and land mammals. Exhibits are preserved in formaldehyde and displayed in jars or are dried and hung or mounted on the museum's walls and in display cases. The largest item on display once belonged to a blue whale; the smallest, from a hamster, can only be seen with a magnifying glass. The museum claims that it has specimens from elves英语Huldufólk and trolls that cannot be seen at all since, according to Icelandic folklore英语Scandinavian folklore, these creatures are invisible. In July 2011, the museum obtained its first human specimen, but the preservation process did not go according to plan and the museum hopes to acquire a "younger and a bigger and better" example. Founded in 1997 by a retired teacher, it attracts thousands of visitors a year—the majority of them women—and has received international media attention. According to its mission statement, the museum aims to enable "individuals to undertake serious study into the field of phallology in an organized, scientific fashion".


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幼鴨

,俗称鸭子,是對鸭科部分属鸟类的通用名称,其餘同屬鴨科但不稱作鴨的有天鵝鴛鴦等。鴨均为游禽,通常体形比天鹅小,人们在淡水咸水都可以看见它们的身影。

特徵

雄鸭每年换羽毛两次;卵壳光滑;两性的腿覆盖着相重叠的鳞片。所有的鸭都在头一年内達到性成熟,仅在繁殖季节成对。

鸭子的眼睛有360度视域,不用转头就可以看到身后。

馴化

鴨是人类饲养的主要家禽之一。鸭肉鸭蛋可食用,鸭的羽毛可以加工成为保温材料。幾乎所有的家鴨都是馴化的綠頭鴨Anas platyrhyncho),另一部份則是馴化的疣鼻棲鴨Cairina moschata)。

文化

鸭經常是中國詩人或作家的主題,例如苏轼的七言絕句《惠崇春江晚景》、戴敏的七言絕句《初夏游张园》、沈从文小说《鸭子》、朱宣咸作《春风》、《春江水暖》和《知秋》。


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Nominations

Adding articles

  1. ^ Milestones in California Condor Conservation[失效連結],The Zoological Society of San Diego's Center for Conservation and Research for Endangered Species,2008年1月10日查阅。
  2. ^ Once nearly extinct, the California condor nears new milestones. CNN. April 27, 2011. 
  3. ^ San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: California Condor. The Zoological Society of San Diego's Center for Conservation and Research for Endangered Species. [April 18, 2012]. 
  4. ^ Last Wild California Condor Capture for Breeding Program (PDF). U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (press release). [2009-05-06]. 
  5. ^ California Condor Recovery Program. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. [19 August 2016]. 
  6. ^ (中文)字典中 玳 字的解释. 汉典. [2009-04-03]. 
  7. ^ Eretmochelys imbricata. ITIS. 2007 [2月5日, 2007]. 
  8. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 玳瑁. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-06-07] (中文). 
  9. ^ 引用错误:没有为名为VDGIF的参考文献提供内容
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 引用错误:没有为名为IUCN的参考文献提供内容
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 引用错误:没有为名为CITESAPP的参考文献提供内容
  12. ^ Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766). ITIS. [2007-02-05]. 
  13. ^ 柯林·哈里森&亞倫·格林史密斯(Colin Harrison & Alan Greensmith). 鳥類圖鑑. 貓頭鷹出版社. 1995. ISBN 9578686862. 第185頁
  14. ^ (英文)H.A. Best. The Foods of Kakapo on Stewart Island as Determined from Their Feeding Sign. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 1984, 7: 71–83. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 (英文)Ralph G. Powlesland, Don V. Merton, and John F. Cockrem. A parrot apart: the natural history of the kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), and the context of its conservation management. Notornis: 3–26. 
  16. ^ AnAge. AnAge entry for Strigops habroptila. [2009-03-16] (英语). 
  17. ^ (英文)Kakapo population breaks 100 mark. The New Zealand Hereald. 2009-03-11 [2009-03-16]. 
  18. ^ (英文)Kakapo Ellie found dead on Whenua Hou/Codfish Island - See more at: http://kakaporecovery.org.nz/media-release-kakapo-ellie-found-dead-on-whenua-houcodfish-island/#sthash.pAriKN8M.dpuf. Kakapo Recovery Program. [2016-01-02]. 
  19. ^ (英文)GERALD DURRELL. durrells.org. [2016-04-25]. 
  20. ^ Schodde, R.英语Richard Schodde & Mason, I.J.英语Ian J. Mason (1981). Nocturnal Birds of Australia. Illustrated by Jeremy Boot. Melbourne: Lansdowne Edns 136 pp. 22 pls [35–36]
  21. ^ Leeton, P.R.J., Christidis, L., Westerman, M. & Boles, W.E. (1994). Molecular phylogenetic relationships of the Night Parrot (Geopsittacus occidentalis) and the Ground Parrot (Pezoporus wallicus). Auk英语Auk (journal) 111: 833–843.
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 (英文)Carpenter, K.; Ishida, Y. Early and "Middle" Cretaceous Iguanodonts in Time and Space (PDF). Journal of Iberian Geology. 2010, 36 (2): 145–164. doi:10.5209/rev_JIGE.2010.v36.n2.3. [失效連結] 引用错误:带有name属性“iguanodonts2010carpenter”的<ref>标签用不同内容定义了多次
  23. ^ 23.0 23.1 23.2 At Iceland's Phallological Museum, size is everything. Agence France-Presse. 2011年7月21日. 
  24. ^ 美男「那話兒」人類最長 34公分巨鵰願死後捐給博物館