1991年伊拉克起義
1991年伊拉克起義是由伊拉克什叶派和库尔德人发动的反抗萨达姆的民族和宗教起义，此次起义发生于1991年3月至4月。当时，伊拉克因两伊战争和第一次海湾战争受挫。最终伊拉克政府获得胜利，但库尔德人建立了自治区并促使联军在伊拉克设置了禁飞区。[10]
| 1991 Iraqi uprisings | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| the aftermath of the Gulf War的一部分 | |||||||||
 An Iraqi government tank disabled by rebels | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| 参战方 | |||||||||
| |||||||||
Support:  MEK |
Support: 美国[1] 伊朗[2] 叙利亚 | ||||||||
| 指挥官与领导者 | |||||||||
 Saddam Hussein(Commander-in-Chief) Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri Hussein Kamel Ali Hassan al-Majid Taha Yasin Tariq Aziz Qusay Hussein |
 Mohammad Baqir(Commander-in-Chief) Abdul Aziz al-Hakim Hadi al-Amiri  Fawzi Mutlaq al-Rawi Massoud Barzani Jalal Talabani | ||||||||
| 兵力 | |||||||||
|
约300,000[5] |
约59,000–107,000 | ||||||||
| 伤亡与损失 | |||||||||
| 约5,000 killed or captured[6] | 约25,000–180,000 killed (mostly civilians)[7][8][9] | ||||||||
注释
参考资料
- ^ Colgan, Jeff D. Petro-Aggression: When Oil Causes War. Cambridge University Press. 2013-01-31: 115 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-107-31129-9. （原始内容存档于2023-11-10） （英语）.
- ^ Terrill, W. Andrew. The United States and Iraq's Shi'ite Clergy: Partners Or Adversaries?. Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. 2004: 9 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-58487-153-8. （原始内容存档于2023-11-09） （英语）.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Rafaat, Aram. Kurdistan in Iraq: The Evolution of a Quasi-State. Routledge. 2018-05-11 [2023-12-25]. ISBN 978-1-351-18881-4. （原始内容存档于2023-11-09） （英语）.
Iraq successfully suppressed the Kurdish uprising of 1991 but failed to recapture the entire Kurdistan territory
- ^ Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-08-31]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Uppsala conflict data expansion: Non-State Actor Data: Version 3.3 互联网档案馆的存檔，存档日期February 21, 2014，. pp. 146; 217; 218; 502
- ^ ENDLESS TORMENT: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Human Rights Watch. 1992 [July 23, 2019]. ISBN 1-56432-069-3. （原始内容存档于October 10, 2019）.
- ^ 2 Mass Graves in Iraq Unearthed. LA Times. June 5, 2006 [August 12, 2012]. （原始内容存档于January 9, 2012）.
- ^ 'Chemical Ali' on trial for brutal crushing of Shia uprising. The Guardian. August 22, 2007 [December 16, 2016]. （原始内容存档于December 28, 2016）.
- ^ ENDLESS TORMENT, The 1991 Uprising in Iraq And Its Aftermath. Hrw.org. [2009-09-25]. （原始内容存档于June 15, 2010）.
- ^ Cline, Lawrence E. View of The Prospects of the Shia Insurgency Movement in Iraq | Journal of Conflict Studies. Journal of Conflict Studies. August 8, 2000 [2021-09-10]. （原始内容存档于2021-08-31）.