達普頌
此條目需要擴充。 (2016年4月14日) |
達普頌 (英語:Dapsone),也稱為4,4'-磺酰二苯胺(SDA) 或二氨基二苯碸(DDS),[2]是一種抗生素(抗細菌藥),常與利福平和氯法齊明聯合用於治療痲瘋病。[3]它是種治療和預防肺囊蟲肺炎,以及免疫缺陷者於預防弓蟲症時使用的二線藥物。[3]此外它還用於治療痤瘡、皰疹樣皮膚炎和各種其他形式的皮膚病。[4]達普頌有口服形式,也有用於塗抹的凝膠形式(外用藥物)。[5]
臨床資料 | |
---|---|
商品名 | Aczone及其他商品名 |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a682128 |
核准狀況 | |
给药途径 | 口服給藥, 外用藥物 |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 |
|
藥物動力學數據 | |
生物利用度 | 70至80% |
血漿蛋白結合率 | 70至90% |
药物代谢 | 肝臟 (絕大部份由細胞色素P450 2E1介導) |
生物半衰期 | 20至30小時 |
排泄途徑 | 腎臟 |
识别信息 | |
| |
CAS号 | 80-08-0 |
PubChem CID | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.001.136 |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C12H12N2O2S |
摩尔质量 | 248.30 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
熔点 | 175至176 °C(347至349 °F) |
| |
|
使用後的嚴重副作用有白血球減少症、溶血反應,尤其是對葡萄糖-6-磷酸去氫酶缺乏症 (G-6-PD) 或對達普頌有過敏反應者。[3]常見的副作用有噁心和食慾不振。[5]其他副作用有肝炎、正鐵血紅蛋白血症[6]和多種皮疹。[3]雖然懷孕期間的個體使用對胎兒的安全性尚不完全清楚,但一些醫生建議麻風病患者繼續使用。[3]它是種碸類藥物。[3]
達普頌於1937年首次被當作一種抗生素而受到研究。[4]於1945年開始用於治療麻風病。[4]它被收列於世界衛生組織基本藥物標準清單之中。[7]經口服攝取或是局部外用,市面有通用名藥物販售,價格並不昂貴。[3][8]
醫療用途
感染
達普頌通常與利福平與氯法齊明聯合用於治療痲瘋病。[3]也用於治療和預防肺囊蟲肺炎 (PCP)。[3][9]它也用於治療無法耐受含磺胺甲噁唑的甲氧苄啶人群的弓蟲症。[9]
口服達普頌是最早用於治療中度至重度尋常性痤瘡的藥物之一,且仍偶爾會用於治療嚴重病例。[10][11]達普頌的外用形式也有效,且有較少的副作用。[12]
自體免疫性疾病
- 圓盤狀紅斑性狼瘡(Cutaneous lupus erythematosis)。達普頌對於中度、重度或難治性圓盤狀紅斑性狼瘡患者有效且使用安全。[14]
- 特發性血小板減少性紫癜。達普頌對於特發性血小板減少性紫癜患者的輔助性減量糖皮質激素治療有效且使用安全,並且對於治療具有抗核抗體患者的效果優於達那唑或干擾素α。[15]
- 慢性自發性蕁麻疹。對於抗組織胺藥和其他一線藥物均無療效的慢性自發性蕁麻疹患者,將達普頌用作二線藥物,有效且使用安全。[16][17]
- 復發性多發性軟骨炎。雖然尚無臨床試驗證明達普頌可用於治療復發性多發性軟骨炎,但有許多病例報告顯示達普頌在25毫克/天至200毫克/天的劑量下,可發揮療效。[18]
其他病症
一項評論發現單獨使用口服達普頌對80%的早期病例有效,而被建議用於治療慢性隆起性紅斑。然而達普頌可能會引起嚴重副作用,表示有時應該使用類固醇或其他抗生素來代替,但這些替代療法的效果會差得多。[20]
使用禁忌及注意事項
不良影響
接受達普頌治療的人中會有1.4%發生敏感反應的案例,在醫療資源匱乏地區可能會因此導致致命結果。[23][24]這種反應是嚴重皮膚不良反應(SCAR)中的一種,主要是DRESS症候群或是DRESS樣反應。[25][26]
血液
溶血反應是最為突出的副作用,使用達普頌治療的患者中約有20%會發生此種反應,[27]通常與使用劑量有關。它可能導致溶血性貧血和正鐵血紅蛋白血症。[28]這種副作用在G-6-PD患者中更為常見,且狀況嚴重,導致含達普頌的抗瘧疾複方藥物氯丙胍/達普頌(品牌名稱Lapdap)因此退出臨床使用。[29][30]據報導有一新生兒因母乳中含有達普頌而發生溶血反應的案例。[31]單獨使用達普頌時很少發生白血球減少症,但在預防瘧疾的聯合治療方案中較為常見。[32]白血球形成異常(包括再生不良性貧血)很少見,但卻是利用達普頌治療導致多起死亡的原因。[33][34][35]
長期接受標準劑量(100毫克/天)治療的患者中約15%會出現正鐵血紅蛋白血症。只有特殊的多波長血氧儀(一氧化碳脈搏血氧計)才能直接檢測出此種病症。當一般脈搏血氧飽和儀讀數較低與動脈血氧分析結果較高之間存在"飽和差距"時,就可能有正鐵血紅蛋白血症存在的嫌疑。[36]
肝臟
藥廠報告有用藥後毒性肝炎和黃疸案例出現。這些毒性反應也可能是達普頌超敏症候群(SCAR)或達普頌症候群(見下文)中的一種。[25]達普頌由細胞色素P450系統代謝,特別是同功酶如細胞色素 P450 2D6、細胞色素P450 2B6、細胞色素P450 3A4和細胞色素P450 2C19。[37]使用此藥物,與細胞色素P450產生的代謝物作用而導致的正鐵血紅蛋白血症有關聯。[38]
皮膚
達普頌凝膠於局部使用時會引起輕度皮膚不適、發紅、乾燥、灼熱感和發癢。與名為benzoyl peroxide(治療痤瘡用產品)一起使用時,可能皮膚會出現暫時性的黃色或橙色。[39]
達普頌超敏症候群
部分患者會出現敏感反應。這種反應在接受多種藥物治療的患者中可能會更常見。[40][41][42]
反應包含有皮疹,也可能包含發燒、黃疸和嗜酸性粒細胞增多症,且可能是SCAR反應中的一種。[25][43][44][45][46][47]一般來說,這些症狀會在治療的前六週內出現,或根本不會出現,可透過皮質類固醇治療以改善。[9]
其他不良影響
其他不良反應有噁心、頭痛和皮疹(此為常見反應)、失眠、思覺失調和周邊神經病變。對肺部的影響甚少發生,但有的話可能會很嚴重,但通常可經治療改善。[48]
作用機轉
達普頌是種抗細菌藥,會透過與對氨基苯甲酸競爭二氫葉酸合成酶的活性位點,抑制細菌合成二氫葉酸,而抑制核酸合成。[49]磺胺類藥物在結構上與達普頌不同,但也以相同方式發揮作用。[50]
達普頌有抑制發炎的作用,可抑制多形核細胞中髓過氧化物酶-H2O2-鹵化物介導的細胞毒性系統。[51]嗜中性球透過呼吸爆發殺死細菌過程中,髓過氧化物酶將過氧化氫 (H2O2) 轉化為次氯酸 (HOCl)。 HOCl是嗜中性球產生的最有效的氧化劑,在發炎過程中也會造成嚴重的組織損傷。達普頌以無活性的中間體形式阻止髓過氧化物酶,而可逆地抑制該酶,而可防止次氯酸積聚,並減少發炎期間的組織損傷。[52][53][54][55][56]髓過氧化物酶抑制也被認為是一種神經元保護機制,可減少阿茲海默症和中風等神經退化性疾病中的發炎。[57]
達普頌的抗發炎和免疫調節作用[58]被認為是其治療皰疹樣皮膚炎的作用機制。[59]
達普頌是一種無臭的白色至乳白色結晶粉末,味微苦。[60]
歷史
發現
20世紀初,德國化學家保羅·埃爾利希利用基於某些染料具有殺死微生物的能力而發展出選擇性毒性理論。德國病理學家與細菌學家格哈德·多馬克於1932年取得重大突破,發現抗菌劑百浪多息(磺酰胺基雷索定(sulfonamidochrysoidine)),後來因其成就而獲得諾貝爾獎。對相關化學物質作進一步研究為磺胺類藥物和碸療法開闢道路,首先由達尼埃爾·博韋和他在巴斯德研究所的團隊於1935年發現磺胺(百浪多息的活性劑),[62]然後由法國的埃內斯特·富爾諾[63]和英國[64]的格拉德溫·布特爾[65]分別獨立開發出達普頌。[66]
擬用於抗瘧治療
由於抗藥性瘧疾在非洲蔓延,促使各方積極開發新型低成本抗瘧疾藥物。惡性瘧原蟲是引起瘧疾的瘧原蟲之一,對氯化奎寧和磺胺多辛/乙胺嘧啶(兩種最常見的瘧疾治療藥物)產生抗藥性。有一名為青蒿素的抗瘧藥於20世紀80年代開發成功,但因價格昂貴,無法大規模使用,而促使葛蘭素史克開發出一種由氯丙胍/達普頌組成的複方藥物 - Lapdap,並於2003年10月在英國獲准用於醫療用途。[30]
Lapdap的優點之一是氯丙胍和達普頌均為低成本藥物。另一個原因是由於它是複方藥物,不太容易引起抗藥性。然而因達普頌會導致G6PD患者發生溶血性貧血,並且因撒哈拉以南非洲地區人口中有10-25%有G6PD的狀況,使用Lapdap並不安全。葛蘭素史克於2008年2月將其撤下,而當時此種藥物在許多非洲國家中已銷售四年。[30]
達普頌凝膠
據報導達普頌在少數病例中可有效治療痤瘡,但因溶血性貧血風險使其無法廣泛使用。科學家歷經多年嘗試,開發出一種達普頌外用製劑,可與口服達普頌一樣有效對抗痤瘡,且無溶血副作用。由於達普頌極難溶於水性溶劑,開發困難。生物製劑公司QLT USA於2000年開發出Aczone,是種含5%達普頌的凝膠,可有效治療痤瘡,即使對有G6PD的使用者也不會導致血紅蛋白水平顯著下降。[67]美國食品藥物管理局(FDA)於2016年2月核准含7.5%達普頌凝膠作治療用途。這種含有更高濃度達普頌的凝膠有每日只需使用一次的優勢(含5%濃度的需每日使用兩次)。[68]
其他用途
達普頌也可用作環氧樹脂和亞胺基玻璃體態聚合物等材料的固化劑,可應用於印刷電路板、黏合劑和塗料。[69][70][71]它在環氧樹脂體系中的應用通常會產生具有高玻璃轉化溫度的樹脂。
參見
- 普羅敏,一種易溶於水的達普頌衍生物
參考文獻
- ^ Dapsone Use During Pregnancy. Drugs.com. 2019-11-11 [2020-05-17]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-20).
- ^ Lemke TL. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2008: 1142. ISBN 9780781768795. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 Dapsone (Systemic) Monograph for Professionals. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. [2015-01-12]. (原始内容存档于2015-01-12).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Zhu YI, Stiller MJ. Dapsone and sulfones in dermatology: overview and update. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. September 2001, 45 (3): 420–434. PMID 11511841. S2CID 39874987. doi:10.1067/mjd.2001.114733.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Gallant JE. Johns Hopkins HIV Guide 2012. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2008: 193. ISBN 9781449619794. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ Ash-Bernal R, Wise R, Wright SM. Acquired methemoglobinemia: a retrospective series of 138 cases at 2 teaching hospitals. Medicine. September 2004, 83 (5): 265–273. PMID 15342970. S2CID 40957843. doi:10.1097/01.md.0000141096.00377.3f .
- ^ World Health Organization. World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. hdl:10665/325771 . WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ^ Greenwood D. Antimicrobial Drugs: Chronicle of a Twentieth Century Medical Triumph. Oxford University Press. 2008: 197. ISBN 9780199534845. (原始内容存档于2016-03-04).
- ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Rossi S. Rossi S , 编. Australian Medicines Handbook. Adelaide. 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3.
- ^ Ross CM. The treatment of acne vulgaris with dapsone. The British Journal of Dermatology. October 1961, 73 (10): 367–370. PMID 14494150. S2CID 36293895. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1961.tb14398.x.
- ^ Dapsone and Acne Vulgaris. ScienceOfAcne.com. 2012-10-10 [2012-08-17]. (原始内容存档于2012-07-29).
- ^ Pickert A, Raimer S. An evaluation of dapsone gel 5% in the treatment of acne vulgaris. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. June 2009, 10 (9): 1515–1521. PMID 19505219. S2CID 11880942. doi:10.1517/14656560903002097.
- ^ Croft AM. Malaria: prevention in travellers. BMJ Clinical Evidence. November 2007, 2007. PMC 2943798 . PMID 19450348.
- ^ Chong B, Werth V. Management of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus. Wallace D (编). Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus and Related Syndromes. Edinburgh: Elsevier. 2019: 719–726. ISBN 978-0-323-47927-1.
- ^ Weber E, Reynaud Q, Fort R, Durupt S, Cathébras P, Durieu I, Lega JC. Immunomodulatory treatments for persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis of 28 studies. Medicine (Baltimore). September 2017, 96 (37): e7534. PMC 5604622 . PMID 28906353. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000007534.
- ^ Antia C, Baquerizo K, Korman A, Alikhan A, Bernstein JA. Urticaria: A comprehensive review: Treatment of chronic urticaria, special populations, and disease outcomes. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. October 2018, 79 (4): 617–633. PMID 30241624. S2CID 52312492. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.01.023.
- ^ Liang SE, Hoffmann R, Peterson E, Soter NA. Use of Dapsone in the Treatment of Chronic Idiopathic and Autoimmune Urticaria. JAMA Dermatol. 2019, 155 (1): 90–95. PMC 6439569 . PMID 30476976. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2018.3715.
- ^ Rapini RP, Warner NB. Relapsing polychondritis. Clin. Dermatol. 2006, 24 (6): 482–5. PMID 17113965. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2006.07.018.
- ^ Forks TP. Brown recluse spider bites. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 2000, 13 (6): 415–423. PMID 11117338. doi:10.3122/15572625-13-6-415 .
- ^ Momen SE, Jorizzo J, Al-Niaimi F. Erythema elevatum diutinum: a review of presentation and treatment. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (John Wiley & Sons). December 2014, 28 (12): 1594–1602. PMID 25288365. S2CID 30029976. doi:10.1111/jdv.12566.
- ^ Lukács J, Schliemann S, Elsner P. Treatment of generalized granuloma annulare - a systematic review. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology (John Wiley & Sons). August 2015, 29 (8): 1467–1480. PMID 25651003. S2CID 20884856. doi:10.1111/jdv.12976.
- ^ Khazaei A, Kazem-Rostami M, Zare A, Moosavi-Zare AR, Sadeghpour M, Afkhami A. Synthesis, characterization, and application of a triazene-based polysulfone as a dye adsorbent. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2013-09-15, 129 (6): 3439–3446. doi:10.1002/app.39069.
- ^ Lorenz M, Wozel G, Schmitt J. Hypersensitivity reactions to dapsone: a systematic review. Acta Derm. Venereol. March 2012, 92 (2): 194–9. PMID 22307940. doi:10.2340/00015555-1268 .
- ^ Zhang FR, Liu H, Irwanto A, et al. HLA-B*13:01 and the dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome.. N Engl J Med. October 2013, 369 (17): 1620–8. PMID 24152261. S2CID 34708642. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1213096 .
- ^ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Bocquet H, Bagot M, Roujeau JC. Drug-induced pseudolymphoma and drug hypersensitivity syndrome (Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms: DRESS). Semin Cutan Med Surg. December 1996, 15 (4): 250–7. PMID 9069593. doi:10.1016/S1085-5629(96)80038-1.
- ^ Tempark T, Satapornpong P, Rerknimitr P, Nakkam N, Saksit N, Wattanakrai P, Jantararoungtong T, Koomdee N, Mahakkanukrauh A, Tassaneeyakul W, Suttisai S, Pratoomwun J, Klaewsongkram J, Rerkpattanapipat T, Sukasem C. Dapsone-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions are strongly linked with HLA-B*13: 01 allele in the Thai population. Pharmacogenetics and Genomics. December 2017, 27 (12): 429–437. PMID 28885988. S2CID 4283457. doi:10.1097/FPC.0000000000000306.
- ^ Puavilai S, Chutha S, Polnikorn N, et al. Incidence of anemia in leprosy patients treated with dapsone. J Med Assoc Thai. July 1984, 67 (7): 404–7. PMID 6512448.
- ^ Jopling WH. Side-effects of antileprosy drugs in common use. Lepr Rev. 1983, 54 (4): 261–70. PMID 6199637. doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19830032 .
- ^ Antimalarial chlorproguanil-dapsone (LapDap™) withdrawn following demonstration of post-treatment haemolytic anaemia in G6PD deficient patients in a Phase III trial of chlorproguanil-dapsone-artesunate (Dacart™) versus artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem®) and confirmation of findings in a comparative trial of LapDap™ versus Dacart ™ (PDF). World Health Organization. 2008-03-04. QSM/MC/IEA.1. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2012-10-21).
- ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Luzzatto L. The rise and fall of the antimalarial Lapdap: a lesson in pharmacogenetics. Lancet. August 2010, 376 (9742): 739–41. PMID 20599264. S2CID 34866078. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60396-0.
- ^ Sanders SW, Zone JJ, Foltz RL, Tolman KG, Rollins DE. Hemolytic anemia induced by dapsone transmitted through breast milk.. Ann Intern Med. April 1982, 96 (4): 465–6. PMID 7065565. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-96-4-465.
- ^ Firkin FC, Mariani AF. Agranulocytosis due to dapsone. Med. J. Aust. 1977, 2 (8): 247–51. PMID 909500. S2CID 34641425. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1977.tb117649.x.
- ^ Foucauld J, Uphouse W, Berenberg J. Dapsone and aplastic anemia. Ann. Intern. Med. 1985, 102 (1): 139 [2024-03-07]. PMID 3966740. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-102-1-139_2. (原始内容存档于2023-11-15).
- ^ Meyerson MA, Cohen PR. Dapsone-induced aplastic anemia in a woman with bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. Mayo Clin. Proc. 1994, 69 (12): 1159–62. PMID 7967777. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(12)65768-1.
- ^ Björkman A, Phillips-Howard PA. Adverse reactions to sulfa drugs: implications for malaria chemotherapy. Bull. World Health Organ. 1991, 69 (3): 297–304. PMC 2393107 . PMID 1893504.
- ^ Singh S, Sethi N, Pandith S, Ramesh GS. Dapsone-induced methemoglobinemia: "Saturation gap"-The key to diagnosis. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology. January 2014, 30 (1): 86–88. PMC 3927300 . PMID 24574600. doi:10.4103/0970-9185.125710 .
- ^ Ganesan S, Sahu R, Walker LA, Tekwani BL. Cytochrome P450-dependent toxicity of dapsone in human erythrocytes. Journal of Applied Toxicology. April 2010, 30 (3): 271–275. PMID 19998329. S2CID 33330708. doi:10.1002/jat.1493.
- ^ Ganesan, Shobana; Sahu, Rajnish. Cytochrome P450-dependent toxicity of dapsone in human erythrocytes. Journal of Applied Toxicology. January 2009, 30 (3): 271–5 [2024-02-27]. doi:10.1002/jat.1493.
- ^ Aczone (Dapsone) Package insert. (PDF). Irvine CA: Allergan Inc. 2016 [2024-03-07]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2021-05-15) –通过U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
- ^ Richardus JH, Smith TC. Increased incidence in leprosy of hypersensitivity reactions to dapsone after introduction of multidrug therapy. Lepr Rev. 1989, 60 (4): 267–73. PMID 2491425. doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19890033 .
- ^ Kumar RH, Kumar MV, Thappa DM. Dapsone syndrome—a five year retrospective analysis. Indian J Lepr. 1998, 70 (3): 271–6. PMID 9801899.
- ^ Rao PN, Lakshmi TS. Increase in the incidence of dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome—an appraisal. Lepr Rev. 2001, 72 (1): 57–62. PMID 11355519. doi:10.5935/0305-7518.20010009 .
- ^ Joseph MS. Hypersensitivity reaction to dapsone. Four case reports. Lepr Rev. 1985, 56 (4): 315–20. PMID 4079634. doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19850034 .
- ^ Jamrozik K. Dapsone syndrome occurring in two brothers. Lepr Rev. 1986, 57 (1): 57–62. PMID 3702581. doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19860010 .
- ^ Hortaleza AR, Salta-Ramos NG, Barcelona-Tan J, Abad-Venida L. Dapsone syndrome in a Filipino man. Lepr Rev. 1995, 66 (4): 307–13. PMID 8637384. doi:10.5935/0305-7518.19950034 .
- ^ Tomecki KJ, Catalano CJ. Dapsone hypersensitivity. The sulfone syndrome revisited. Arch Dermatol. 1981, 117 (1): 38–9. PMID 6450569. doi:10.1001/archderm.1981.01650010044023.
- ^ Kromann NP, Vilhelmsen R, Stahl D. The dapsone syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 1982, 118 (7): 531–2. PMID 7092282. doi:10.1001/archderm.1982.01650190085028.
- ^ Jaffuel D, Lebel B, Hillaire-Buys D, Pene J, Godard P, Michel FB, Blayac JP, Bousquet J, Demolyi P. Eosinophilic pneumonia induced by dapsone. BMJ. 1998, 317 (7152): 181. PMC 28611 . PMID 9665900. doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7152.181.
- ^ Mechanisms of Action of Dapsone in Dermatological Diseases. Dapsone: Clinical Uses in Various Cutaneous Diseases. Medscape Today. (原始内容存档于2011-05-17).
- ^ Mechanisms of Antibacterial Drugs. Microcology. [2024-02-27]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-27).
- ^ Galijasevic S. The development of myeloperoxidase inhibitors. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. January 2019, 29 (1): 1–7. PMID 30466896. S2CID 53721156. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.031.
- ^ Bozeman PM, Learn DB, Thomas EL. Assay of the human leukocyte enzymes myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase. Journal of Immunological Methods. January 1990, 126 (1): 125–133. PMID 2154520. doi:10.1016/0022-1759(90)90020-v.
- ^ Bozeman PM, Learn DB, Thomas EL. Inhibition of the human leukocyte enzymes myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase by dapsone. Biochemical Pharmacology. August 1992, 44 (3): 553–563. PMID 1324677. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(92)90449-s.
- ^ Stendahl O, Molin L, Lindroth M. Granulocyte-mediated release of histamine from mast cells. Effect of myeloperoxidase and its inhibition by antiinflammatory sulfone compounds. International Archives of Allergy and Applied Immunology. March 1983, 70 (3): 277–284. PMID 6186607. doi:10.1159/000233335.
- ^ Kettle AJ, Gedye CA, Winterbourn CC. Superoxide is an antagonist of antiinflammatory drugs that inhibit hypochlorous acid production by myeloperoxidase. Biochemical Pharmacology. May 1993, 45 (10): 2003–2010. PMID 8390258. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(93)90010-t.
- ^ Kettle AJ, Winterbourn CC. Mechanism of inhibition of myeloperoxidase by anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochemical Pharmacology. May 1991, 41 (10): 1485–1492. PMID 1850278. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(91)90565-m.
- ^ Diaz-Ruiz A, Zavala C, Montes S, Ortiz-Plata A, Salgado-Ceballos H, Orozco-Suarez S, et al. Antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of dapsone in a model of brain ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Journal of Neuroscience Research. November 2008, 86 (15): 3410–3419. PMID 18615706. S2CID 5837071. doi:10.1002/jnr.21775.
- ^ Begon E, Chosidow O, Wolkenstein P. [Disulone]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. December 2004, 131 (12): 1062–73. PMID 15692440. doi:10.1016/S0151-9638(04)93842-2 (法语).
- ^ Uetrecht JP. Myeloperoxidase as a generator of drug free radicals. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 1995, 61: 163–70. PMID 8660393. S2CID 12471553. doi:10.1042/bss0610163.
- ^ Dapsone. National Library of Medicine. [2024-02-27]. (原始内容存档于2024-02-27).
- ^ Derivatives of p-Nitrothiophenols, by E. Fromm and J. Wittmann
Reports of the German Chemical Society Mai–August 1908 Fromm E, Wittmann J. Derivate desp-Nitrothiophenols. Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. May 1908, 41 (2): 2264–2273. doi:10.1002/cber.190804102131. - ^ Tréfouël JT, Nitti F, Bovet D. Activité du p.aminophénylsulfamide sur l'infection streptococcique expérimentale de la souris et du lapin. Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales. 23 November 1935, 120: 756. (原始内容存档于3 January 2017) (法语).
- ^ Fourneau E, Tréfouël TJ, Nitti F, Bovet D. Action antistreptococcique des dérivés sulfurés organiques. Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. 1937, 204: 1763. (原始内容存档于2016-02-20) (法语).
- ^ Buttle G, Stephenson D, Smith S, Dewing T, Foster G. Treatment of streptococcal infections in mice with 4:4'diamino-dipheni-sulphone. Lancet. June 1937, 229 (5936): 1331–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)75868-5.
- ^ Buttle G, Stephenson D, Smith S, Dewing T, Foster G. Treatment of streptococcal infections in mice with 4:4'diamino-dipheni-sulphone. Lancet. June 1937, 229 (5936): 1331–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)75868-5.
- ^ Leprosy | 14 History of dapsone and dyes. [2009-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2009-02-12).
- ^ Stotland M, Shalita AR, Kissling RF. Dapsone 5% gel: a review of its efficacy and safety in the treatment of acne vulgaris. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology. June 2009, 10 (4): 221–227. PMID 19489655. S2CID 19485887. doi:10.2165/00128071-200910040-00002.
- ^ Aczone (dapsone) 7.5% Gel Prescribing Information (PDF). Allergan. February 2016 [2016-06-23]. (原始内容存档 (PDF)于2022-10-08).
- ^ ECHA dapsone registration dossier. [2024-03-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-08-28).
- ^ LAPOX ASH-10. 2017-06-03 [2024-03-07]. (原始内容存档于2020-11-24).
- ^ Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Zuilhof H, Smulders MM. Molecular control over vitrimer-like mechanics - tuneable dynamic motifs based on the Hammett equation in polyimine materials. Chemical Science. November 2020, 12 (1): 293–302. PMC 8178953 . PMID 34163597. doi:10.1039/d0sc05458e.