美国的种族与犯罪
在美国,自20世紀以来,种族与犯罪之间的关系一直是公众和学术關注的焦點[1]。不同种族群体之间的犯罪率差异很大。在美国,大多数兇殺案的受害者与犯罪者属于黑人。
学术研究表明,在刑事案件中,一些少数族裔的比例过高,部分原因在于社会经济因素,如贫困、沒有受到良好教育以及接触有害化学品(例如鉛)和污染等因素[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]。與种族隔离有關的居住隔離也与犯罪率的种族差异有关,因为黑人歷史上長期被政府和私人阻止迁入繁荣的低犯罪率地区 [12][13][14]。
研究还表明,警察和司法系统存在着广泛的种族和族裔歧视[15][16][17][18][19]。研究人員通過大量学术文献比较了警察的搜查(表明被警方盤查的白人其實发现违禁品的比率较高)、法院保釋决定(表明在白人和黑人保释人數相同的情況下,白人在審判前违规行为较多)和判刑(表明当案件的基本事实和情况相似时,陪审团和法官对黑人的判刑比白人更严厉),推斷出有關种族歧视的因果關係[20][21][22][23]。
参考文献
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- ^ Light, Michael T.; Ulmer, Jeffery T. Explaining the Gaps in White, Black, and Hispanic Violence since 1990: Accounting for Immigration, Incarceration, and Inequality. American Sociological Review. 2016-04-01, 81 (2): 290–315. ISSN 0003-1224. doi:10.1177/0003122416635667 (英语).
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- ^ Feldmeyer, Ben. The Effects of Racial/Ethnic Segregation on Latino and Black Homicide. The Sociological Quarterly. September 1, 2010, 51 (4): 600–623. ISSN 0038-0253. PMID 20939127. doi:10.1111/j.1533-8525.2010.01185.x.
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- ^ Gabbidon & Greene (2005b:37); Bowling (2006:140). See also Sampson & Wilson (2005:177–178); Myrdal (1988:88).
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- ^ Hinton, Elizabeth; Cook, DeAnza. The Mass Criminalization of Black Americans: A Historical Overview. Annual Review of Criminology. June 29, 2020, 4: 261–286. ISSN 2572-4568. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-060520-033306.
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- ^ Black men sentenced to more time for committing the exact same crime as a white person, study finds. washingtonpost.com. [November 23, 2017]. (原始内容存档于2017-11-16).