整合层次

整合层次（Integrative level）或组织层次（level of organization）是由较低层次的预先存在现象涌现产生的现象。层次的概念是将现实结构化的智识框架（intellectual framework），一般按组织复杂度将宇宙中或某领域中的所有实体、结构和过程安排为一定层次。排列中的每个实体同时处于三种状态：由低层次的组分组成；本身表现为一个整体；是高层次的整体的组分。典型例子如生命涌现自非生命物质，意识涌现自神经系统。

层次

通常认为存在的主要层次有物质、生命、意识和社会，在哲学家尼古拉·哈特曼的本体论中称其为strata （层）。它们可以进一步分析为更具体的阶（layer），如形成物质层的粒子、原子、分子和岩石，或形成生命层的细胞、机体、种群和生态系统。

层次一般认为对应系统的复杂度，越复杂层次越高，但也有例外，比如寄生现象是机体的涌现，但寄生体通常比原形简单（复杂度更低）。

哲学

在唯物主义和唯心主义著作中，都可以找到与整合层次相近的概念。一些哲学家和科学家则认为整合层次不存在。

另见

• 反还原论
• 大历史
• 生物组织
• 等级理论
• 分析层次
• 分体论 (逻辑学)
• 分体拓扑学
• 层次复杂性模型
• 可塑性面积单元问题
• 尼古拉·哈特曼
• 空间尺度
• 结构主义 (生物学)
• 中心科学
• 知识系统树
• 科学统一论
• 活力论

参考文献

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反对整合层次的论点

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