安非他酮
此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充,此條目在對應語言版為高品質條目。 |
安非他酮(國際非專利藥品名稱:Bupropion,舊名:amfebutamone) 或盐酸安非他酮,商品名威博雋(Wellbutrin),是一种主要作为抗抑郁药和戒烟药使用的药物、也可用作治療注意力不足過動症的第二線藥品(second-line medication)與中樞神經刺激劑合併使用,或作為中樞神經刺激劑的替代方案。[8][9][10] [11][12] 安非他酮在美国是最常用的抗抑郁药之一,在其他许多英语国家亦是如此。[13][14] 以商品名载班(Zyban)出售的安非他酮缓释片用作戒烟药使用,并且使用十分广泛。[13] 安非他酮以片剂使用,并且在大部分国家仅可凭处方使用。[13] 在台灣有經衛生福利部食品藥物管理署核准由瑞安大藥廠推出的醫師處方學名藥必博寧(Buporin)。[15]化学上,安非他酮属于氨基酮类化合物。不能用于有過癲癇病史的病人身上,否則會增加癲癇发作的風險。
臨床資料 | |
---|---|
读音 | /bjuːˈproʊpi.ɒn/ bew-PROH-pee-on |
商品名 | Wellbutrin, Elontril, Zyban |
其他名稱 | 3-Chloro-N-tert-butyl-β-keto-α-methylphenethylamine; 3-Chloro-N-tert-butylcathinone |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a695033 |
核准狀況 | |
懷孕分級 |
|
依賴性 | 几乎没有 |
成癮性 | 几乎没有 |
给药途径 | 医疗用途: 口服 娱乐: 鼻腔内, 静脉注射 |
ATC碼 | |
法律規範狀態 | |
法律規範 |
|
藥物動力學數據 | |
血漿蛋白結合率 | 84% (安非他酮), 77% (羟安非他酮代谢产物), 42% (苏氨酸氢化安非他酮代谢物)[1] |
药物代谢 | 肝脏 (大部分是CYP2B6-介导的羟化, 但有时候也是CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, CYP2E1和CYP2C19)[1][6][3][7] |
生物半衰期 | 11小时(短期给药;母体化合物)[2] 14–21小时(长期给药; 母体化合物 - 取决于形式),[1][3][4] 20小时(羟安非他酮), 33小时(赤藓糖氢化安非他酮), 37小时(苏氨酸氢化安非他酮)[1][3][4][5] |
排泄途徑 | 肾脏 (87%; 0.5% 原型), 粪便 (10%)[6][3][4] |
识别信息 | |
| |
CAS号 | 34841-39-9 |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
化学信息 | |
化学式 | C13H18ClNO |
摩尔质量 | 239.74 g·mol−1 |
3D模型(JSmol) | |
| |
|
此藥由Burroughs Wellcome藥廠(葛蘭素史克(GSK)前身)的有機化學暨藥學家納里曼·梅達(Nariman Mehta)於1969年所發明,並於1974年取得美國專利3819706號[16]。
医疗用途
抑郁
现有证据表明,安非他酮在治疗抑郁症方面比安慰剂更有效。[17][18]不过,有些研究认为这些证据的质量较低。一些荟萃分析认为,安非他酮对抑郁症的效果并不一致。[19][20][21]但也有荟萃分析认为称其效果较好。[22]然而,该分析在方法上存在一定局限性,比如只用了五项试验的数据来计算效果,且不同试验间的效果差异较大,因此作者声明要对这一结果要“非常谨慎”地解读。此外,该荟萃分析中没有包含未发表的试验,而这些研究通常得出负面结果。其他荟萃分析则包含了未发表的试验。[23][20]总体而言,安非他酮在治疗抑郁症方面的效果与其他抗抑郁药相似。
在秋冬季节,安非他酮能够预防季节性情感障碍患者的抑郁发作:使用安非他酮的患者中有15%出现了重度抑郁症状,而使用安慰剂的患者则有27%出现了类似症状。[24]对于双相障碍,安非他酮也能有效改善抑郁症状,其疗效和引发情感转换的风险与其他抗抑郁药相似。[25]
安非他酮有几个不同于其他抗抑郁药的特点:与大多数抗抑郁药不同,它通常不会引起性功能障碍,该副作用的发生率与安慰剂无差异。[22][26]安非他酮不会引起体重增加,反而大多数研究发现服用安非他酮的患者体重显著下降。[22]安非他酮不会像其他抗抑郁药那样引发嗜睡。 [27]对于伴有嗜睡和疲劳症状的抑郁患者,安非他酮的疗效优于选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(SSRIs)。[28]和一般认知相反,安非他酮在治疗伴有焦虑的抑郁中同样有效,且不会加重焦虑。[29][30]对于伴有中度以下的焦虑的抑郁,安非他酮的疗效与SSRIs相当,而SSRIs对伴有高度焦虑的患者在缓解率上有一定的疗效优势。[29]
戒烟
安非他酮是一种辅助戒烟的药物,可以减轻对尼古丁的渴望和戒断症状的严重程度。[31][32][33]例如抑郁、易怒、注意力难以集中以及食欲增加。[34]安非他酮在治疗初期能够减缓体重增加。但是随着时间推移,这种效果会变得不再显著。[34]
安非他酮用于戒烟的疗程一般持续7到12周,患者在疗程开始十天后停止使用烟草。[34][35]疗程结束后,安非他酮维持戒烟的效果会随着时间的推移而下降。从三个月内的37%戒烟成功率下降到一年的20%[36]。目前尚不清楚延长安非他酮治疗是否有助于预防复吸。[37]
经过六个月的治疗后,和安慰剂对比,安非他酮使戒烟成功率增加了约60%。在这方面,安非他酮和尼古丁取代療法同样有效。但不如伐尼克兰。同时使用尼古丁替代疗法不能提高成功率。[38]
对于儿童和青少年而言,使用安非他酮戒烟似乎没有任何明显的益处。[39]使用其帮助孕妇戒烟的证据也不充分。[40]
注意缺陷多动障碍
在美国,安非他酮未被用于批准用于治疗注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)。也未在美国儿科学会的现行(2019)ADHD治疗指南中提及。[41]针对安非他酮用于成人和儿童ADHD治疗的系统性综述表明,安非他酮可能对ADHD有效,但由于临床试验规模较小且存在偏倚风险,相关结论应谨慎对待。[42][43][44][45]和托莫西汀类似,安非他酮需要需要数周才会起效。[42][46]与安非他明和哌甲酯等兴奋剂不同,它们会立刻起效。[46]
体重增加
安非他酮用于治疗长期体重增加(6-12个月)时,平均比安慰剂组减轻2.7公斤。[47]这与其他几种减肥药物(如西布曲明或奧利司他)的效果差距不大。[47]复方药物纳曲酮/安非他酮已被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于治疗成人慢性肥胖。
藥理
药效学
安非他酮用于治疗抑郁症和其他适应症的作用机制尚不明确,据信与安非他酮作为去甲腎上腺素-多巴胺再吸收抑制劑(NDRI)和几种菸鹼型乙醯膽鹼受體的负变构调节剂的特性有关。[48]安非他酮不诱导释放多巴胺或去甲肾上腺素。[49]其的药理作用很大程度上归功于它的活性代谢物,这些代谢物在血浆中的含量相当或高于安非他酮本身。因此安非他酮可视为这些代谢物的前药。
这些代谢物,尤其是瑞达法辛的作用,也表现为抑制去甲肾上腺素和多巴胺的再摄取,和同时抑制烟碱受体。安非他酮在多种受体上没有显著的直接活性,包括α-和β-肾上腺素受体、多巴胺受體、血清素受体、组胺受体以及毒蕈碱型乙酰胆碱受体。[27]此外,安非他酮也不抑制单胺氧化酶。
药代动力学
口服给药后,安非他酮被迅速且完全吸收,在1.5个小时后达到最大血药浓度。缓释(SR)和长效(XL)制剂设计用于减缓吸收,分别在3小时和5小时内达到峰值浓度。[50]安非他酮的绝对生物利用度未知,但估计较低,为5%至20%,和首过效应有关。至于不同制剂的相对生物利用度,XL制剂的利用度(68%)低于SR制剂和速释的安非他酮。[51]
安非他酮通过多种途径在体内代谢。氧化途径包括由细胞色素P450同工酶CYP2B6代谢生成R,R-羟基安非他酮和(S,S)-羟基安非他酮(瑞达法辛),并在较小程度上通过CYP2C19产生 4'-羟基安非他酮。还原途径包括由肝脏中的11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶1型和肠道中的AKR7A2和AKR7A3生成苏氨酸氢化安非他酮。[52]11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶1型通过还原安非他酮的酮基形成赤藓氯化安非他酮,也有部分由醛酮还原酶产生。[53]
安非他酮的代谢变化较大,不同个体在服用相同剂量时,其有效劑量可能相差多达5.5倍,半衰期为12至30小时。而羟基安非他酮的有效剂量差异则可能达到7.5倍,半衰期为15至25小时。[54]由于这些显著的代谢差异,一些研究者建议监测安非他酮及其羟基代谢物的血药浓度。[55]
副作用
安非他酮与安慰剂相比,最常见的不良反应是口干、恶心、便秘、失眠、焦虑、震颤和多汗。除去甲文拉法辛外,安非他酮是所有二代抗抑郁药中失眠发生率最高的药物。[56]其还与约20%的头痛风险增加有关。[57]
癲癇發作是安非他酮的严重但罕见的不良反应之一。其风险具有显著的剂量依赖性。在每日300至450毫克的速释制剂剂量下,癫痫发作的发生率约为0.4%;当剂量超过600毫克时,癫痫发作的发生率增加约十倍。相比之下,一般人群中自发性癫痫发作的发生率为0.07%至0.09%,而大多数其他抗抑郁药物在推荐剂量下引发癫痫发作的风险通常在0%至0.5%之间。[58]
与九种选择性血清素再摄取抑制剂(SSRI)和血清素去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(SNRI)相比,安非他酮的脱发风险最高,导致脱发的原因可能与多巴胺能有关。其所致的脱发通常是可逆的。[59]
精神副作用
FDA要求包括安非他酮在内所有抗抑郁药必须附有黑框警告,警告这些药物可能会增加25岁以下人群的自殺风险。该警告基于FDA进行的统计分析,其发现儿童和青少年中自杀意念和行为的风险增加了2倍,而18–24岁人群的风险增加了1.5倍。在此分析中,FDA结合了295项针对11种抗抑郁药的试验结果,以获得统计学上显著的结果。单独考虑时,安非他酮与安慰剂之间在统计学上并无显著差异。[60]
用于戒烟的安非他酮会使精神副作用的风险增加25%,特别是焦虑(约增加40%)和失眠(约增加80%)。证据不足所以无法确定安非他酮是否与自杀或自杀行为相关。[32]
在少数情况下,可能会出现安非他酮引发的精神病。和使用高剂量安非他酮有关;其中的很多案例服用剂量都超过了推荐剂量。联合使用抗精神病药物似乎有保护作用。在大多数情况下,降低剂量、停止治疗或添加抗精神病药物可以消除精神病症状。[61]
药物相互作用
由于安非他酮通过CYP2B6酶代谢为羟基安非他酮,因此可能与CYP2B6抑制剂发生相互作用,包括帕罗西汀、舍曲林、去甲氟西汀(氟西汀的活性代谢物)、地西泮、氯吡格雷和奥芬那君。这些药物可能会导致安非他酮血药浓度升高,而羟基安非他酮血药浓度下降。相反,CYP2B6诱导剂(如卡马西平、克霉唑、利福平、利托那韦、貫葉連翹和苯巴比妥)则可能导致安非他酮血药浓度下降、羟基安非他酮浓度上升。[50]例如,卡马西平能使安非他酮的暴露量减少90%,而羟基安非他酮的暴露量增加94%。[63]研究表明,利托那韦、洛匹那韋/利托那韋和依法韦仑均可降低安非他酮及其代谢物的浓度。[64]氯吡格雷和噻氯匹定这两种强效的CYP2B6抑制剂已被发现能显著增加安非他酮的水平,同时减少其代谢物羟基安非他酮的水平。[64]
安非他酮及其代谢物是CYP2D6的强抑制剂,羟基安非他酮导致大部分作用。此外,安非他酮及其代谢物可能会减少肝脏中CYP2D6的表达,其最终结果是显著减慢其他由该酶代谢的药物的清除速度。例如,研究发现安非他酮可使地昔帕明(CYP2D6的底物)的曲线下面积增加5倍。[64]安非他酮还可使托莫西汀的浓度增加5.1倍,同时使其主要代谢物的暴露量减少1.5倍。[65]另外,当右美沙芬(主要由CYP2D6代谢的药物)与每日300毫克的安非他酮合用时,其主要代谢物右啡烷与右美沙芬的比率增加了大约35倍。[50]同时使用MDMA时,二者的暴露量都会增加约30%,MDMA导致的精神作用增强,但对心率的影响减小。[66]与其他CYP2D6底物(如美托洛尔、丙咪嗪、去甲替林、[67]文拉法辛和[[奈必洛尔)也已报道过相互作用。值得注意的是,安非他酮似乎并不会影响CYP2D6底物氟西汀和帕罗西汀的浓度。[68]
安非他酮降低癫痫发作阈值,因此可能与其他也降低阈值的药物(如抗精神病药、三环类抗抑郁药、茶碱和全身性皮質類固醇)发生相互作用。处方信息建议尽量减少饮酒,因为安非他酮在极少数情况下会降低酒精耐受性。[69]
過量
安非他酮在过量时被认为具有中度危险性。[71]根据美国毒物中心的分析,按处方剂量调整后,安非他酮和文拉法辛是第二代抗抑郁药(不包括三环类抗抑郁药)中导致死亡率和发病率最高的两种药物。[72]对于严重过量,约三分之一的病例报告出现癫痫发作;其他严重影响包括幻觉、意识丧失和心律异常。当安非他酮与其他多种药物一起过量时,已有报告体温升高、肌肉僵硬、肌肉损伤、高血压或低血压、昏迷、昏厥以及呼吸衰竭。[73]
引用
- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Zyban 150 mg prolonged release film-coated tablets – Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC). electronic Medicines Compendium. GlaxoSmithKline UK. 1 August 2013 [22 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-20).
- ^ Brunton, L; Chabner, B; Knollman, B. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional. 2010. ISBN 978-0-07-162442-8.
- ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 BUPROPION HYDROCHLORIDE tablet, film coated [Sandoz Inc]. DailyMed. Sandoz, Inc. April 2013 [22 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-04).
- ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 PRODUCT INFORMATION ZYBAN® SUSTAINED RELEASE TABLETS. TGA eBusiness Services. Aspen Pharmacare Australia Pty Ltd. 19 April 2013 [22 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-07).
- ^ WELLBUTRIN (bupropion hydrochloride) tablet, film coated [GlaxoSmithKline LLC]. DailyMed. GlaxoSmithKline LLC. March 2013 [22 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-10-23).
- ^ 6.0 6.1 Prexaton Bupropion hydrochloride PRODUCT INFORMATION. TGA eBusiness Services. Ascent Pharma Pty Ltd. 2 October 2012 [22 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2016-12-07).
- ^ Zhu, A. Z. X.; Zhou, Q.; Cox, L. S.; Ahluwalia, J. S.; Benowitz, N. L.; Tyndale, R. F. Gene Variants in CYP2C19 Are Associated with Altered In Vivo Bupropion Pharmacokinetics but Not Bupropion-Assisted Smoking Cessation Outcomes. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 3 September 2014, 42 (11): 1971–1977. PMID 25187485. doi:10.1124/dmd.114.060285.
- ^ Dr. Ian Morton, I.K. Morton, Judith M. Hall. Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. 31 October 1999: 57– [2015-09-02]. ISBN 978-0-7514-0499-9. (原始内容存档于2016-04-27).
- ^ Dictionary of Organic Compounds. CRC Press. : 104– [2015-09-02]. ISBN 978-0-412-54090-5. (原始内容存档于2016-04-30).
- ^ Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000: 38– [2015-09-02]. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1. (原始内容存档于2016-04-30).
- ^ Wigal SB. Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults. CNS Drugs. 2009,. 23 Suppl 1: 21–31. PMID 19621975. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004.
- ^ Childress, A. C.; Sallee, F. R. Revisiting clonidine: an innovative add-on option for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Drugs of Today (Barcelona, Spain: 1998). 2012, 48 (3): 207–217. ISSN 1699-3993. PMID 22462040. doi:10.1358/dot.2012.48.3.1750904.
- ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Bupropion (By mouth). PubMed Health. Bethesda, USA: National Institute of Health. 1 June 2014 [18 July 2014]. (原始内容存档于2013-11-09).
- ^ Brayfield, A (编). Bupropion. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. 22 October 2013 [18 July 2014].
- ^ 衛署藥製字第054977號. info.fda.gov.tw. [2022-02-20]. (原始内容存档于2022-02-20).
- ^ 美國專利第3,819,706号
- ^ Cipriani, Andrea; Furukawa, Toshiaki A; Salanti, Georgia; Geddes, John R; Higgins, Julian PT; Churchill, Rachel; Watanabe, Norio; Nakagawa, Atsuo; Omori, Ichiro M; McGuire, Hugh; Tansella, Michele. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2009-02, 373 (9665). doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60046-5 (英语).
- ^ Monden, Rei; Roest, Annelieke M.; van Ravenzwaaij, Don; Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan; Morey, Richard; Wardenaar, Klaas J.; de Jonge, Peter. The comparative evidence basis for the efficacy of second-generation antidepressants in the treatment of depression in the US: A Bayesian meta-analysis of Food and Drug Administration reviews. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018-08, 235. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.040 (英语).
- ^ Cipriani, Andrea; Furukawa, Toshi A; Salanti, Georgia; Chaimani, Anna; Atkinson, Lauren Z; Ogawa, Yusuke; Leucht, Stefan; Ruhe, Henricus G; Turner, Erick H; Higgins, Julian P T; Egger, Matthias. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet. 2018-04, 391 (10128). PMC 5889788 . PMID 29477251. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7 (英语).
- ^ 20.0 20.1 Hengartner, Michael P.; Jakobsen, Janus C.; Sørensen, Anders; Plöderl, Martin. Efficacy of new-generation antidepressants assessed with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the gold standard clinician rating scale: A meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. PLoS ONE. 2020-02-26, 15 (2). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7043778 . PMID 32101579. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229381.
- ^ Stone, Marc B; Yaseen, Zimri S; Miller, Brian J; Richardville, Kyle; Kalaria, Shamir N; Kirsch, Irving. Response to acute monotherapy for major depressive disorder in randomized, placebo controlled trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration: individual participant data analysis. The BMJ. 2022-08-02, 378. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 9344377 . PMID 35918097. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067606.
- ^ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Patel, Krisna; Allen, Sophie; Haque, Mariam N.; Angelescu, Ilinca; Baumeister, David; Tracy, Derek K. Bupropion: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness as an antidepressant. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology. 2016-04, 6 (2). ISSN 2045-1253. PMC 4837968 . PMID 27141292. doi:10.1177/2045125316629071.
- ^ Stone, Marc B; Yaseen, Zimri S; Miller, Brian J; Richardville, Kyle; Kalaria, Shamir N; Kirsch, Irving. Response to acute monotherapy for major depressive disorder in randomized, placebo controlled trials submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration: individual participant data analysis. The BMJ. 2022-08-02, 378. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 9344377 . PMID 35918097. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-067606.
- ^ Gartlehner, Gerald; Nussbaumer‐Streit, Barbara; Gaynes, Bradley N; Forneris, Catherine A; Morgan, Laura C; Greenblatt, Amy; Wipplinger, Jörg; Lux, Linda J; Van Noord, Megan G; Winkler, Dietmar. Second‐generation antidepressants for preventing seasonal affective disorder in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019-03-18, 2019 (3). ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6422318 . PMID 30883669. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011268.pub3.
- ^ Li, Dian-Jeng; Tseng, Ping-Tao; Chen, Yen-Wen; Wu, Ching-Kuan; Lin, Pao-Yen. Significant Treatment Effect of Bupropion in Patients With Bipolar Disorder but Similar Phase-Shifting Rate as Other Antidepressants: A Meta-Analysis Following the PRISMA Guidelines. Medicine. 2016-03, 95 (13). ISSN 0025-7974. PMC 4998539 . PMID 27043678. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003165 (英语).
- ^ Antidepressant-Associated Sexual Dysfunction: A Potentially Avoidable Therapeutic Challenge « Hacked by 4Ri3 60ndr0n9. web.archive.org. 2020-06-04.
- ^ 27.0 27.1 Dhillon, Sohita; Yang, Lily P H; Curran, Monique P. Bupropion: A Review of its Use in the Management of Major Depressive Disorder. Drugs. 2008, 68 (5). ISSN 0012-6667. doi:10.2165/00003495-200868050-00011 (英语).
- ^ Baldwin, David S.; Papakostas, George I. Symptoms of fatigue and sleepiness in major depressive disorder. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2006,. 67 Suppl 6. ISSN 0160-6689. PMID 16848671.
- ^ 29.0 29.1 Papakostas, George I.; Stahl, Stephen M.; Krishen, Alok; Seifert, Cheryl A.; Tucker, Vivian L.; Goodale, Elizabeth P.; Fava, Maurizio. Efficacy of Bupropion and the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder With High Levels of Anxiety (Anxious Depression): A Pooled Analysis of 10 Studies. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2008-08-15, 69 (8). ISSN 0160-6689. doi:10.4088/JCP.v69n0812.
- ^ Naguy, Ahmed; Badr, Bassem H. M. Bupropion-myth-busting!. CNS spectrums. 2022-10, 27 (5). ISSN 1092-8529. PMID 33843549. doi:10.1017/S1092852921000365.
- ^ Wilkes, Scott. The use of bupropion SR in cigarette smoking cessation. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. 2008-03, 3 (1). ISSN 1176-9106. PMC 2528204 . PMID 18488428.
- ^ 32.0 32.1 Hajizadeh, Anisa; Howes, Seth; Theodoulou, Annika; Klemperer, Elias; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie; Livingstone-Banks, Jonathan; Lindson, Nicola. Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group , 编. Antidepressants for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023-05-24, 2023 (5). PMC 10207863 . PMID 37230961. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000031.pub6 (英语).
- ^ Wu, Ping; Wilson, Kumanan; Dimoulas, Popey; Mills, Edward J. Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2006-12-11, 6. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 1764891 . PMID 17156479. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-300.
- ^ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Wu, Ping; Wilson, Kumanan; Dimoulas, Popey; Mills, Edward J. Effectiveness of smoking cessation therapies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2006-12, 6 (1). ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 1764891 . PMID 17156479. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-300 (英语).
- ^ DailyMed - WELLBUTRIN SR- bupropion hydrochloride tablet, film coated. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. [2024-09-30].
- ^ Rosen, Laura J.; Galili, Tal; Kott, Jeffrey; Goodman, Mark; Freedman, Laurence S. Diminishing benefit of smoking cessation medications during the first year: a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2018-05, 113 (5). ISSN 0965-2140. doi:10.1111/add.14134 (英语).
- ^ Livingstone-Banks, Jonathan; Norris, Emma; Hartmann-Boyce, Jamie; West, Robert; Jarvis, Martin; Chubb, Emma; Hajek, Peter. Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group , 编. Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019-10-28. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003999.pub6 (英语).
- ^ Patnode, Carrie D.; Henderson, Jillian T.; Coppola, Erin L.; Melnikow, Joy; Durbin, Shauna; Thomas, Rachel G. Interventions for Tobacco Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Persons: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2021-01-19, 325 (3). ISSN 0098-7484. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.23541 (英语).
- ^ Selph, Shelley; Patnode, Carrie; Bailey, Steffani R.; Pappas, Miranda; Stoner, Ryan; Chou, Roger. Primary Care–Relevant Interventions for Tobacco and Nicotine Use Prevention and Cessation in Children and Adolescents: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2020-04-28, 323 (16). ISSN 0098-7484. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3332 (英语).
- ^ Claire, Ravinder; Chamberlain, Catherine; Davey, Mary-Ann; Cooper, Sue E; Berlin, Ivan; Leonardi-Bee, Jo; Coleman, Tim. Cochrane Tobacco Addiction Group , 编. Pharmacological interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2020-03-04, 2020 (3). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010078.pub3 (英语).
- ^ Wolraich, Mark L.; Hagan, Joseph F.; Allan, Carla; Chan, Eugenia; Davison, Dale; Earls, Marian; Evans, Steven W.; Flinn, Susan K.; Froehlich, Tanya; Frost, Jennifer; Holbrook, Joseph R. Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019-10, 144 (4). ISSN 0031-4005. PMC 7067282 . PMID 31570648. doi:10.1542/peds.2019-2528.
- ^ 42.0 42.1 Verbeeck, Wim; Bekkering, Geertruida E; Van den Noortgate, Wim; Kramers, Cornelis. Cochrane Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems Group , 编. Bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017-10-02, 2017 (10). PMC 6485546 . PMID 28965364. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009504.pub2 (英语).
- ^ Elliott, Jesse; Johnston, Amy; Husereau, Don; Kelly, Shannon E.; Eagles, Caroline; Charach, Alice; Hsieh, Shu-Ching; Bai, Zemin; Hossain, Alomgir; Skidmore, Becky; Tsakonas, Eva. Pharmacologic treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2020-10-21, 15 (10). ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7577505 . PMID 33085721. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240584.
- ^ Cortese, Samuele; Adamo, Nicoletta; Del Giovane, Cinzia; Mohr-Jensen, Christina; Hayes, Adrian J; Carucci, Sara; Atkinson, Lauren Z; Tessari, Luca; Banaschewski, Tobias; Coghill, David; Hollis, Chris. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet. Psychiatry. 2018-09, 5 (9). ISSN 2215-0366. PMC 6109107 . PMID 30097390. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4.
- ^ Ng, Qin Xiang. A Systematic Review of the Use of Bupropion for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2017-03, 27 (2). ISSN 1044-5463. doi:10.1089/cap.2016.0124 (英语).
- ^ 46.0 46.1 Wilens, Timothy E; Morrison, Nicholas R; Prince, Jefferson. An update on the pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2011-10, 11 (10). ISSN 1473-7175. PMC 3229037 . PMID 21955201. doi:10.1586/ern.11.137.
- ^ 47.0 47.1 Li, Zhaoping; Maglione, Margaret; Tu, Wenli; Mojica, Walter; Arterburn, David; Shugarman, Lisa R.; Hilton, Lara; Suttorp, Marika; Solomon, Vanessa; Shekelle, Paul G.; Morton, Sally C. Meta-Analysis: Pharmacologic Treatment of Obesity. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2005-04-05, 142 (7). ISSN 0003-4819. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-142-7-200504050-00012 (英语).
- ^ Costa, Rafaela; Oliveira, Nuno G.; Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of bupropion: integrative overview of relevant clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metabolism Reviews. 2019-07-03, 51 (3). ISSN 0360-2532. doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1620763 (英语).
- ^ Shalabi, Abdelrahman R.; Walther, Donna; Baumann, Michael H.; Glennon, Richard A. Deconstructed Analogues of Bupropion Reveal Structural Requirements for Transporter Inhibition versus Substrate-Induced Neurotransmitter Release. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 2017-06-21, 8 (6). ISSN 1948-7193. PMC 7261150 . PMID 28220701. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00055 (英语).
- ^ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Jefferson, James W.; Pradko, James F.; Muir, Keith T. Bupropion for major depressive disorder: Pharmacokinetic and formulation considerations. Clinical Therapeutics. 2005-11, 27 (11). doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2005.11.011 (英语).
- ^ Costa, Rafaela; Oliveira, Nuno G.; Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of bupropion: integrative overview of relevant clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metabolism Reviews. 2019-07-03, 51 (3). ISSN 0360-2532. doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1620763 (英语).
- ^ Costa, Rafaela; Oliveira, Nuno G.; Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of bupropion: integrative overview of relevant clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metabolism Reviews. 2019-07-03, 51 (3). ISSN 0360-2532. doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1620763 (英语).
- ^ Costa, Rafaela; Oliveira, Nuno G.; Dinis-Oliveira, Ricardo Jorge. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic of bupropion: integrative overview of relevant clinical and forensic aspects. Drug Metabolism Reviews. 2019-07-03, 51 (3). ISSN 0360-2532. doi:10.1080/03602532.2019.1620763 (英语).
- ^ Hesse, Leah M; He, Ping; Krishnaswamy, Soundararajan; Hao, Qin; Hogan, Kirk; Moltke, Lisa Lvon; Greenblatt, David J; Court, Michael H. Pharmacogenetic determinants of interindividual variability in bupropion hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 2B6 in human liver microsomes:. Pharmacogenetics. 2004-04, 14 (4). ISSN 0960-314X. doi:10.1097/00008571-200404000-00002 (英语).
- ^ Preskorn, S. H. Should bupropion dosage be adjusted based upon therapeutic drug monitoring?. Psychopharmacology Bulletin. 1991, 27 (4). ISSN 0048-5764. PMID 1813908.
- ^ Alberti, Siegfried; Chiesa, Alberto; Andrisano, Costanza; Serretti, Alessandro. Insomnia and Somnolence Associated With Second-Generation Antidepressants During the Treatment of Major Depression: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2015-06, 35 (3). ISSN 0271-0749. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000329 (英语).
- ^ Telang, Shilpa; Walton, Celeste; Olten, Baris; Bloch, Michael H. Meta-analysis: Second generation antidepressants and headache. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2018-08, 236. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.047 (英语).
- ^ Pisani, Francesco; Oteri, Giancarla; Costa, Cinzia; Di Raimondo, Giorgio; Di Perri, Raoul. Effects of Psychotropic Drugs on Seizure Threshold:. Drug Safety. 2002, 25 (2). ISSN 0114-5916. doi:10.2165/00002018-200225020-00004 (英语).
- ^ Etminan, Mahyar; Sodhi, Mohit; Procyshyn, Ric M.; Guo, Michael; Carleton, Bruce C. Risk of hair loss with different antidepressants: a comparative retrospective cohort study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2018-01, 33 (1). ISSN 0268-1315. doi:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000191 (英语).
- ^ "Antidepressants and suicidality in adults: statistical evaluation. (Presentation at Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee; December 13, 2006)". (原始内容存档于2007-07-27) (英语).
- ^ Kumar, Sanjeev; Kodela, Sreekant; Detweiler, Jonna G.; Kim, Kye Y.; Detweiler, Mark B. Bupropion-induced psychosis: folklore or a fact? A systematic review of the literature. General Hospital Psychiatry. 2011-11, 33 (6). doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.07.001 (英语).
- ^ Henssler, Jonathan; Heinz, Andreas; Brandt, Lasse; Bschor, Tom. Antidepressant Withdrawal and Rebound Phenomena. Deutsches Ärzteblatt international. 2019-05-17. ISSN 1866-0452. PMC 6637660 . PMID 31288917. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2019.0355.
- ^ Ketter, Terence A.; Jenkins, Janice B.; Schroeder, David H.; Pazzaglia, Peggy J.; Marangell, Lauren B.; George, Mark S.; Callahan, Ann M.; Hinton, Melvin L.; Chao, John; Post, Robert M. Carbamazepine but not Valproate Induces Bupropion Metabolism:. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 1995-10, 15 (5). ISSN 0271-0749. doi:10.1097/00004714-199510000-00004 (英语).
- ^ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Highlight os Prescribing Information: CONTRAVE (naltrexone hydrochloride and bupropion hydrochloride) extended-release tablets, for oral use (PDF) (英语).
- ^ Todor, Ioana; Popa, Adina; Neag, Maria; Muntean, Dana; Bocsan, Corina; Buzoianu, Anca; Vlase, Laurian; Gheldiu, Ana-Maria; Briciu, Corina. Evaluation of a Potential Metabolism-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Between Atomoxetine and Bupropion in Healthy Volunteers. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2016-06-15, 19 (2). ISSN 1482-1826. doi:10.18433/J3H03R.
- ^ Schmid, Yasmin; Rickli, Anna; Schaffner, Antonia; Duthaler, Urs; Grouzmann, Eric; Hysek, Cédric M.; Liechti, Matthias E. Interactions between Bupropion and 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine in Healthy Subjects. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. 2015-04, 353 (1). ISSN 0022-3565. doi:10.1124/jpet.114.222356 (英语).
- ^ Protti, Michele; Mandrioli, Roberto; Marasca, Camilla; Cavalli, Andrea; Serretti, Alessandro; Mercolini, Laura. New‐generation, non‐SSRI antidepressants: Drug‐drug interactions and therapeutic drug monitoring. Part 2: NaSSAs, NRIs, SNDRIs, MASSAs, NDRIs, and others. Medicinal Research Reviews. 2020-09, 40 (5). ISSN 0198-6325. doi:10.1002/med.21671 (英语).
- ^ Spina, Edoardo; Santoro, Vincenza; D'Arrigo, Concetta. Clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with second-generation antidepressants: An update. Clinical Therapeutics. 2008-07, 30 (7). doi:10.1016/S0149-2918(08)80047-1 (英语).
- ^ DailyMed - WELLBUTRIN SR- bupropion hydrochloride tablet, film coated. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. [2024-10-02].
- ^ Feinberg, S. Shalom. Combining Stimulants With Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: A Review of Uses and One Possible Additional Indication. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2004-11-15, 65 (11). ISSN 0160-6689. doi:10.4088/JCP.v65n1113.
- ^ White, Nicole C.; Litovitz, Toby; Clancy, Cathleen. Suicidal antidepressant overdoses: A comparative analysis by antidepressant type. Journal of Medical Toxicology. 2008-12, 4 (4). ISSN 1556-9039. PMC 3550116 . PMID 19031375. doi:10.1007/BF03161207 (英语).
- ^ Nelson, J. Craig; Spyker, Daniel A. Morbidity and Mortality Associated With Medications Used in the Treatment of Depression: An Analysis of Cases Reported to U.S. Poison Control Centers, 2000–2014. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2017-05-01, 174 (5). ISSN 0002-953X. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050523 (英语).
- ^ DailyMed - WELLBUTRIN SR- bupropion hydrochloride tablet, film coated. dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. [2024-09-27].